Abstract
YAP and TAZ are essential transcriptional co-activators and downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, regulating cell proliferation, organ growth, and tissue homeostasis. To ask how the Hippo pathway affects mineralized tissue homeostasis in a tissue that is highly reliant on a tight homeostatic control of mineralized deposition and resorption, we determined the effects of YAP/TAZ dysregulation on the periodontal tissues alveolar bone, root cementum, and periodontal ligament. Loss of YAP/TAZ was associated with a reduction of mineralized tissue density in cellular cementum and alveolar bone, a downregulation in collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and RUNX2 gene expression, an increase in the resorption markers TRAP and cathepsin K, and elevated numbers of TRAP-stained osteoclasts. Cyclic strain applied to periodontal ligament cells resulted in YAP nuclear localization, an effect that was abolished after blocking YAP. The rescue of YAP signaling with the heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin resulted in a return of the nuclear YAP signal. Illustrating the key role of YAP on mineralization gene expression, the YAP inhibition-related downregulation of mineralization-associated genes was reversed by the extracellular matrix YAP activator agrin. Application of the unopposed mouse molar model to transform the periodontal ligament into an unloaded state and facilitate the distal drift of teeth resulted in an overall increase in mineralization-associated gene expression, an effect that was 10–20% diminished in Wnt1Cre/YAP/TAZ mutant mice. The unloaded state of the unopposed molar model in Wnt1Cre/YAP/TAZ mutant mice also caused a significant three-fold increase in osteoclast numbers, a substantial increase in bone/cementum resorption, pronounced periodontal ligament hyalinization, and thickened periodontal fiber bundles. Together, these data demonstrated that YAP/TAZ signaling is essential for the microarchitectural integrity of the periodontium by regulating mineralization gene expression and preventing excessive resorption during bodily movement of the dentoalveolar complex.
Highlights
IntroductionThe displacement of the entire dentoalveolar complex in mesial (humans) or distal direction (rodents) is termed drift [1]
Our experiments revealed that addition the proteoglycan by agrin in collagen-surface grown periodontal ligament cells (PDL) cells subjected to cyclic strain (Figure 3A, RUNX2 graph)
The purpose of the present study was to uncover the role of the Hippo signaling downstream effectors YAP and TAZ on periodontal homeostasis and mechanotransduction
Summary
The displacement of the entire dentoalveolar complex in mesial (humans) or distal direction (rodents) is termed drift [1]. The process of teeth erupting beyond the plane of occlusion within their sockets is called supereruption [1,3]. The intricate microarchitecture of the dentoalveolar organ is little affected by tooth drift, resulting in the bodily displacement of the entire dentoalveolar organ while maintaining the integrity of the alveolar bone sockets, the thickness of the periodontal ligament, and the surface covering of the tooth roots (root cementum) [4]. The movement of teeth and their surrounding bony attachment apparatus is important for the life of organisms: a disrupted tooth row allows for food particles to be retained and cause caries, reduces the chewing and cutting efficacy of the dentition, diminishes individual esthetics, and affects physiological speech and/or vocalization
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