Abstract
The electrodeposition of Sn/Pb alloys and the effect of surface agents was studied in fluoboric acid solutions. Smooth, semibright deposits have been produced at current densities in excess of 800 mA/cm2, approaching the mass transfer limited current. Dendrite suppression (microleveling) has been achieved by the addition of polymeric sulfactant and uniform current distributions have been obtained by the addition of lactones or other related species. When the two adsorbed species are used simultaneously the solution concentration of metal ions and the additive ratio dictate the deposition parameters. The additives have been found to be chemically more stable, less costly, and allow current densities in excess of 20× those in current commercial use.
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