Abstract
The present study aims to examine the effects of three different high-fat diet (HFD) on mice gut microbiota in order to analyse whether they create the microenvironmental conditions that either promote or prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated colonic mucosa-associated microbiota in CD1 mice fed with HFD, based on 60% kcal from fat-containing coconut, sunflower or extra-virgin olive oil as the only source of fat. The main findings were as follows: (a) All HFD produced a decrease in the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota that was independent of mouse weight, (b) HFD switched Lactobacillus to Lactococcus. In general, the results showed that both sunflower- and coconut-HFD generated a pro-inflammatory intestinal microenvironment. In brief, coconut-HFD decreased Akkermansia and increased Staphylococcus, Prevotella and Bacteroides spp. abundance. Sunflower-HFD reduced Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, while enhancing Sphingomonas and Neisseria spp. abundance. In contrast, EVOO-HFD produced an anti-inflammatory microenvironment characterised by a decreased Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria and Pseudomonas spp. abundance. At the same time, it increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and maintained the Akkermansia population. To conclude, EVOO-HFD produced changes in the gut microbiota that are associated with the prevention of CRC, while coconut and sunflower-HFD caused changes associated with an increased risk of CRC.
Highlights
Nowadays, colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common and deadly neoplasms [1]
extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)-high-fat diet (HFD) produced changes in the gut microbiota that are associated with the prevention of CRC, while coconut and sunflower-HFD caused changes associated with an increased risk of CRC
Since HFD is typically present in Western-pattern diets and is a risk factor of CRC, the present study aims to examine, in an experimental murine model, the influence of three HFD, each one prepared with different edible vegetable oils on gut microbiota
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common and deadly neoplasms [1]. It is assumed that both, a Western-style diet with high-fat content and a sedentary lifestyle are responsible for the increase in their global incidence [1]. CRC is 3–4 times more common in developed than in developing nations. High fat intake is one of the characteristics of the Western pattern diet, and this correlates with an increased risk of CRC [2]. The trigger mechanism by which the risk increases is not yet well known, but it has been proposed that it is due to a change in the intestinal microbiota that favour a low-intensity inflammatory process [3]. Gut microbiota is a highly complex ecosystem, with great individual variations and thousands of microbial species. The most predominant phylum in the healthy gut are Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, Nutrients 2020, 12, 1705; doi:10.3390/nu12061705 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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