The hierarchy of sugar catabolization in Lactococcus cremoris.

Abstract

Bacteria adapt to nutrient availability by regulating the synthesis of enzymes. Transcriptome- and multi-sugar growth studies suggest that Lactococcus cremoris represses genes involved in the catabolization of lower growth rate-supporting (lower quality) sugars in a hierarchical order. Furthermore, L. cremoris appears to always express genes involved in the catabolization of higher growth rate-supporting sugars (higher quality) relative to the sugar it is growing on. Here, we unraveled the sugar catabolization hierarchy by determining the sugar catabolizing capacity and the proteome of cells exponentially growing on glucose (µmax = 0.72 h-1), lactose (µmax = 0.6 h-1), galactose (µmax = 0.44 h-1), or maltose (µmax = 0.43 h-1). We found that L. cremoris can grow on 14 of the 96 sugars in a Biolog plate, with µmax ranging from 0.32 to 0.72 h-1. Proteome and catabolization rate measurements show that L. cremoris consistently prepares for the catabolization of higher-quality sugars, except trehalose. While cells were not prepared for the catabolization of most lower-quality sugars, some proteins related to fructose and lactose consumption were always present. Moreover, reducing the growth rate of glucose through salt stress had only a minor influence on the sugars that L. cremoris could catabolize. These findings demonstrate that the catabolization hierarchy is not strictly linked to absolute growth rate or sugar quality. Cells instantly catabolizing a higher-quality sugar require enhanced expression of ribosomal and nucleotide metabolism functions for growth rate maximization, whereas transitioning to lower-quality sugars requires enhanced synthesis of proteins related to arginine catabolism and mixed acid fermentation, besides sugar-specific catabolic proteins.IMPORTANCEThe availability of nutrients to microorganisms varies considerably between different environments, and changes can occur rapidly. As a general rule, a fast growth rate-typically growth on glucose-is associated with the repression of other carbohydrate utilization genes, but it is not clear to what extent catabolite repression is exerted by other sugars. We investigated the hierarchy of sugar utilization after substrate transitions in Lactococcus cremoris. For this, we determined the proteome and carbohydrate utilization capacity after growth on different sugars. The results show that the preparedness of cells for the utilization of "slower" sugars is not strictly determined by the growth rate. The data point to individual proteins relevant for various sugar transitions and suggest that the evolutionary history of the organism might be responsible for deviations from a strictly growth rate-related sugar catabolization hierarchy.