Abstract
Some herbivore-induced-plant volatiles (HIPVs) compounds are vital for the functioning of an ecosystem, by triggering multi-trophic interactions for natural enemies, plants and herbivores. However, the effect of these chemicals, which play a crucial role in regulating the multi-trophic interactions between plant-herbivore-entomopathogenic fungi, is still unknown. To fill this scientific gap, we therefore investigated how these chemicals influence the entomopathogenic fungi growth and efficacy. In this study, Lipaphis erysimi induced Arabidopsis thaliana HIPVs were collected using headspace system and detected with GC-MS, and then analyzed the effects of these HIPVs chemicals on Lecanicillium lecanii strain V3450. We found that the HIPVs menthol and methyl salicylate at 1 and 10 nmol·ml−1 improved many performance aspects of the fungus, such as germination, sporulation, appressorial formation as well as its pathogenicity and virulence. These findings are not only important for understanding the multi-trophic interactions in an ecosystem, but also would contribute for developing new and easier procedures for conidial mass production as well as improve the pathogenicity and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi in biological pest management strategies.
Highlights
Herbivore-induced-plant-volatiles (HIPVs) are emitted from plants after infestation by arthropods, and these volatiles are composed by many organic compounds which are involved in plant communication with natural enemies of the insect herbivores, neighboring plants, and different parts of the damaged plant
Equal quantities of Limonene and 2-methyl-6-heptene were emitted independent of the aphid densities, while high quantities of menthol and 1-octen-3-ol were produced where aphid densities were increased. These results indicate that the quantities of some herbivore-induced-plant volatiles (HIPVs) compounds production depend on the densities of the herbivores
Decan-3-ol, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and salicylate acid were recorded in the headspace when A. thaliana was damaged by L. erysimi, and the quantity of menthol emitted from infested plants was significantly higher than control and the other HIPVs
Summary
Herbivore-induced-plant-volatiles (HIPVs) are emitted from plants after infestation by arthropods, and these volatiles are composed by many organic compounds which are involved in plant communication with natural enemies of the insect herbivores, neighboring plants, and different parts of the damaged plant. It was well known that HIPVs play a significant role in attracting natural enemies of herbivores when plants become infested by herbivorous insects. Our previous study demonstrated that A. thaliana plant infested by Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, emitted HIPVs compounds that promoted the performance of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Lecanicillium lecanii, which was used for biocontrol of L. erysimi[12]. We investigated and identified the components of these volatiles induced by L. erysimi in A. thaliana and synthetic chemicals from identified HIPVs were used to treat conidia of L. lecanii. The activity and effects of chemicals from HIPVs on the performance of L. lecanii were evaluated and the validity of various synthetic chemical’s concentrations to induce L. lecanii conidia was assessed
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