The hemorrhagic transformation index score: a prediction tool in middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke

Abstract

BackgroundWe aimed to develop a tool, the hemorrhagic transformation (HT) index (HTI), to predict any HT within 14 days after middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke onset regardless of the intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) use. That is especially important in the light of missing evidence-based data concerning the timing of anticoagulant resumption after stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 783 consecutive MCA stroke patients. Clinical and brain imaging data at admission were recorded. A follow-up period was 2 weeks after admission. The patients were divided into derivation (DC) and validation (VC) cohorts by generating Bernoulli variates with probability parameter 0.7. Univariate/multivariate logistic regression, and factor analysis were used to extract independent predictors. Validation was performed with internal consistency reliability and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Bootstrapping was used to reduce bias.ResultsThe HTI was composed of 4 items: Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), hyperdense MCA (HMCA) sign, and AF on electrocardiogram (ECG) at admission. According to the predicted probability (PP) range, scores were allocated to ASPECTS as follows: 10–7 = 0; 6–5 = 1; 4–3 = 2; 2–0 = 3; to NIHSS: 0–11 = 0; 12–17 = 1; 18–23 = 2; >23 = 3; to HMCA sign: yes = 1; to AF on ECG: yes = 1. The HTI score varied from 0 to 8. For each score, adjusted PP of any HT with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was as follows: 0 = 0.027 (0.011–0.042); 1 = 0.07 (0.043–0.098); 2 = 0.169 (0.125–0.213); 3 = 0.346 (0.275–0.417); 4 = 0.571 (0.474–0.668); 5 = 0.768 (0.676–0.861); 6 = 0.893 (0.829–0.957); 7 = 0.956 (0.92–0.992); 8 = 0.983 (0.965–1.0). The optimal cutpoint score to differentiate between HT-positive and negative groups was 2 (95% normal-based CI, 1–3) for the DC and VC alike. ROC area/sensitivity/specificity with 95% normal-based CI for the DC and VC were 0.85 (0.82–0.89)/0.82 (0.73–0.9)/0.89 (0.8–0.97) and 0.83 (0.78–0.88)/0.8 (0.66–0.94)/0.87 (0.73–1.0) respectively. McDonald’s categorical omega with 95% bias-corrected and accelerated CI for the DC and VC was 0.81 (0.77–0.84) and 0.82 (0.76–0.86) respectively.ConclusionsThe HTI is a simple yet reliable tool to predict any HT within 2 weeks after MCA stroke onset regardless of the IV rtPA use.