Abstract
We review the beginning of the effective Lagrangian in QED that was first introduced in the literature by W. Heisenberg and H. Euler in 1936. Deviating from their way of calculating the one-loop effective correction to the classical Maxwell Lagrangian, we use Green's functions and adopt the Fock–Schwinger proper-time method. The important role of the Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is explicitly demonstrated for low-energy photon–photon processes.
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