Abstract
Salvia apiana and Salvia farinacea var. Victoria Blue decoctions were screened for diverse bioactivities, including the ability to counteract oxidative and inflammatory events, as well as to act as cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. Both extracts showed good activities and that of S. apiana origin was particularly effective regarding the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and to prevent nitric oxide (NO●) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line (EC50 = 50 μg/mL). Moreover, it displayed high cytotoxic capacity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, cervical carcinoma HeLa, and breast carcinoma cells MCF-7, but comparatively low effects in porcine liver primary cells, which highlights its selectivity (GI50 = 41–60 μg/mL vs. 362 μg/mL, respectively). Further, it exhibited inhibitory and lethal potential against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is possible that the bioactive properties of the two Salvia extracts are associated to their phenolic components and, in the particular case of S. apiana, to its richness in phenolic terpenes, namely in rosmanol, hydroxycarnosic acid and a derivative of sageone, which were found in the extract.
Highlights
In normal physiological conditions, cells maintain a redox homeostasis, i.e., the balance between reactive species formation and their elimination
Salvia is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae family, with over 900 species [5] claimed for their richness in essential oils and/or phenolic compounds [6,7,8,9], a fact that is closely associated to their usage in traditional medicine and potential applications in distinct industries, including food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics [4,10]
Victoria Blue, a trend that was evident with respect to lipid peroxidation events (Table 1), with EC50 values obtained of about one-eighth or the same magnitude of the commercial standard, in the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and β-carotene bleaching assays, respectively
Summary
Cells maintain a redox homeostasis, i.e., the balance between reactive species formation and their elimination. Still, when equilibrium is disrupted, oxidative stress is settled and the overproduction of reactive species causes several mitochondrial and cellular damages, namely in lipids, proteins, DNA, and other macromolecules. These events are known to be associated with aging and the onset and/or development of distinct diseases, including cancer [1,2]. In this context, diet supplementation with plant-based products rich in phytochemicals are believed to counteract oxidative-related events, contributing to human health [1,3,4]. The first is a perennial shrub that typically grows to be 45–90 cm, whose gray-green leaves are drooping, irregularly-serrate, ovate-lanceolate, Antioxidants 2019, 8, 241; doi:10.3390/antiox8080241 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants
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