Abstract
The histidine–aspartate (HD)-domain protein superfamily contains metalloproteins that share common structural features but catalyze vastly different reactions ranging from oxygenation to hydrolysis. This chemical diversion is afforded by (i) their ability to coordinate most biologically relevant transition metals in mono-, di-, and trinuclear configurations, (ii) sequence insertions or the addition of supernumerary ligands to their active sites, (iii) auxiliary substrate specificity residues vicinal to the catalytic site, (iv) additional protein domains that allosterically regulate their activities or have catalytic and sensory roles, and (v) their ability to work with protein partners. More than 500 structures of HD-domain proteins are available to date that lay out unique structural features which may be indicative of function. In this respect, we describe the three known classes of HD-domain proteins (hydrolases, oxygenases, and lyases) and identify their apparent traits with the aim to portray differences in the molecular details responsible for their functional divergence and reconcile existing notions that will help assign functions to yet-to-be characterized proteins. The present review collects data that exemplify how nature tinkers with the HD-domain scaffold to afford different chemistries and provides insight into the factors that can selectively modulate catalysis.
Highlights
The histidine–aspartate (HD)-domain superfamily [1] (IPR003607) contains more than 318,000 metalloproteins that are involved in a wide array of functions including immunoresponse [2], nucleic acid metabolism [3,4,5], inflammation [6], virulence [6,7,8], stress response [9,10], and small molecule activation [11,12,13]
The HD-domain superfamily is multi-faceted with respect to its functional repertoire and structural diversity
HD-domain proteins can catalyze a variety of different reactions by incorporating protein-based and inorganic-based elements that tune their activities
Summary
The histidine–aspartate (HD)-domain superfamily [1] (IPR003607) contains more than 318,000 metalloproteins that are involved in a wide array of functions including immunoresponse [2], nucleic acid metabolism [3,4,5], inflammation [6], virulence [6,7,8], stress response [9,10], and small molecule activation [11,12,13]. There are many uncharacterized HD-domain proteins, chemical diversion appears to be linked to details in the local protein environment, extra ligands, and genomic co-occurrence with partner proteins, all of which may serve as blueprints for their functional assignment
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