Abstract
Cereal cyst nematode is a major pest of small grain cereals, which causes huge yield losses to crops in China and other parts of the world. In this study, the effects of five inorganic ion concentrations on egg hatching of Heterodera avenae were studied. Results revealed that ZnCl2 and FeCl3 promoted hatching of induced and natural diapausing eggs. The cumulative hatching rates of eggs were 49 % and 13 % at 30 mM ZnCl2 and 10 mM FeCl3, respectively, which were higher than those of other treatments. The hatching ability promoted by ZnCl2 is greater than by FeCl3. Diapause induced eggs in ZnCl2 continued to hatch after 10 days; however, those in FeCl3 mainly hatched in the first two weeks. ZnCl2 had obvious stimulating effects on the hatching of natural diapause and non–diapause free eggs at 15 and 30 mM concentrations. FeCl3 promoted the hatching of natural diapause eggs; howevr, it inhibited hatching of non–diapause free eggs. Conversely, different concentrations of inorganic ions did not have any stimulatory effect on white female eggs. In the nematode life cycle, hatching is the critical stage because juveniles may be infected. The results of this study provide useful information the use of new fertilizers (including promoted hatching inorganic ions) applied before planting for controlling nematode diseases caused by H. avenae.
Highlights
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae, is widespread throughout Europe, the Mediterranean region of Africa, Asia, North America and Australia and has caused considerable damage to small grain cereals (Wu et al, 2014)
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ions at different concentrations on the emergence of H. avenae, which may contribute to a better understanding of the hatching mechanism and provide useful information for the development of new strategies
Effect of inorganic ions on the hatching of free eggs in natural diapause eggs The results showed that the egg cumulative hatching rate in Zn2+ at 25 and 30 mM was greater than that of other ion solutions with the same concentration at 66 day after incubation (DAI) (p < 0.05), and hatching rates were 22 % and 18 %, respectively (Figure 3)
Summary
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae, is widespread throughout Europe, the Mediterranean region of Africa, Asia, North America and Australia and has caused considerable damage to small grain cereals (Wu et al, 2014). Zinc salts have shown effects on in vitro hatching of some plant–parasitic nematode species, including H. glycines (Behm et al, 1995; Charlson and Tylka, 2003), H. trifolii (Steele et al, 1982), H. schachtii, H. carotae (Clarke and Shepherd, 1965; 1966), and Globodera tabacum (Čepulytė–Rakauskienė and Būda, 2015). Some inorganic ions, such as NO3– and NH4+, have been reported to inhibit the emergence of H. glycines (Lehman et al, 1971). 0.05 mM of lanthanum chloride inhibited the hatching of G. rostochiensis (Clarke and Hennessy, 1981). Clarke and Shepherd (1966) indicated that ions affect hatching of Heterodera according to the different species, ions, and concentrations
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