Abstract
In 1970 the common outlet of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, the Haringvliet estuary, was closed by the construction of large sluices and changed from a brackish tidal inlet into a stagnant freshwater lake. Ecological knowledge on the effects was available, but at that time hardly used in the design and execution of this large project of coastal engineering. Besides the expected ecological changes the closure resulted in, partly expected, negative effects on the ecosystems in the new lake through lack of physical planning, lack of conservation measures, pollution, unrestricted development of outdoor recreation, shore erosion and absence of mitigating measures in general. It is shown that part of these negative developments could have been avoided by timely integration of ecological knowledge in the realm of coastal engineering and by physical planning of the area.
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