Abstract
Happiness, psychological hardiness, and humor (“the 3Hs”) are useful ways of assessing resilience to stress in positive psychology. The literature analyzing their confluence regarding sports is scarce. This study aims to analyze the participants’ 3H levels and the relationships between those levels and specific variables. The Psychological Hardiness Scale (Psikolojik Dayaniklilik Olcegi, PDO), the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF), and the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) were used. Students in pedagogical formation training during the 2016–2017 fall semester have participated in the study (N = 211). Significant differences were found regarding the levels of psychological hardiness in relation to gender, type of sport, and years of participation, and, in humor types regarding the variables of gender, age, residence and perceived income. There were significant differences in all instruments regarding gender. Negative relationships were found between the “aggressive humor” and “challenge” and “self-commitment” sub-dimensions of PDO, while the relationships were positive between “self-enhancing humor” and PDO and OHQ-SF, and between “affiliative humor” style and PDO and OHQ-SF. This study enhances the positive socio-psychological account in the literature by incorporating the issues of 3H and provides an understanding of particularities that may help improve the practice of relevant experts and individuals.
Highlights
Happiness, psychological hardiness, and humor (“the 3Hs”) are often pointed to as useful ways of assessing resilience to stress when undertaking professional tasks [1]
There were no significant differences in the levels of PDO, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF), Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ), and respective sub-dimensions according to participants’ departments, being a national athlete or not, and their parents’ educational status
When comparing the levels of PDO, OHQ-SF, HSQ, and respective sub-dimensions between the respondents who participated in different types of sports, significant differences were found in PDO total scores and PDO sub-dimensions of “challenge” and “commitment”
Summary
Psychological hardiness, and humor (“the 3Hs”) are often pointed to as useful ways of assessing resilience to stress when undertaking professional tasks [1]. They are associated with positive psychology, usually as accompaniments to coping mechanisms. The positive psychology concept has been used in sports regarding positive behaviors, environments, outcomes, and organizational psychology [4,5] This approach to sport studies preexisted the notion of positive psychology, with considerable attention paid to “what it takes to be a great athlete and how to facilitate performance” [4]. The approach is embraced in the pursuit of individual athletic excellence in elite or high-performance sports and regarding individual and organizational developments in sports organizations as sites of psychological strengths and capabilities [4,5]
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