Abstract
The stable isotopes of chlorine (35Cl and 37Cl), bromine (79Br and 81Br), and iodine (127I) all are magnetic nuclei with electric quadrupole moments. The study of quadrupolar nuclei can provide unique and valuable information on a diversity of physicochemical and biological systems. The relaxation of quadrupolar nuclei is generally much simpler to interpret than the relaxation of nonquadrupolar nuclei. The relaxation of the former is in most cases totally dominated by the quadrupole relaxation, which is normally induced by purely intramolecular interactions modulated by the molecular motion. Studies of quadrupole relaxation have therefore provided very valuable information about molecular reorientation and association in liquids. The chemical exchange of the quadrupolar nucleus between two environments characterized by markedly different electric field gradients or correlation times can give unique information on exchange rates and the occurrence of weak interactions in inorganic as well as biological systems. In addition another important parameter may be obtained from NMR studies of quadrupolar nuclei in anisotropic environments: the quadrupole splitting. This parameter may be of great value for the characterization of the ordering of the system at a molecular level.
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