The half saturation removal approach and mechanism of Lead (II) removal using eco-friendly industrial fish bone meal waste biosorbent

Abstract

Lead (II)-laden wastewater from lead acid battery and printed wire board industries are hazardous to human health and environment due to their toxicity and persistent characteristics. This study focuses on eco-friendly industrial Lutjanus erythropterus fish bone meal waste as biosorbent for Lead (II) removal. In this study, the effects of optimization of biosorption, isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, characterization of biosorbent were investigated, and the characteristics of biosorbent were compared with those of commercial resins. The half saturation removal of biosorbent amount was determined at 0.09 g in order to represent the excessive metal in real industrial wastewater condition compared to biosorbent and to minimize the consumption of chemicals and biosorption operation time. Such approach is supported by optimization results and Langmuir isotherm. Results obtained were better with Freundlich than with Langmuir isotherm, confirming the presence of heterogeneous monolayer with reversible binding sites. The biosorption mean energy inferred that chemisorption occurred in Lead (II) biosorption, and pseudo-second-order kinetics implied that chemisorption mechanism is the rate-limiting factor. Thermodynamic described an endothermic non-spontaneous reaction with reversible bonding between Lead (II) ions and binding sites. Characterization analysis further confirmed a macroporous surface morphology with multi-binding sites of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide groups which contributed to reversible bonding in chemisorption mechanism. The 85 % of recovery supported reversible binding in chemisorption. The biosorbent is at least 70 times cheaper than resins. Hence, this developed biosorbent is a potential candidate to replace resins and can be used in the pretreatment of industrial wastewater application due to cost effectiveness and low environmental impacts. This study successfully gains an insight into green technology by converting waste to a useable product and zero waste concept by minimizing environmental solid management and pollution control.