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Abstract
Background Sustained hyperglycaemia leads to the development of haematological alterations which, if left untreated, is associated with cardiovascular complications. Insulin is the mainstay drug in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D); however, the use of insulin is associated with haematological alterations that could further worsen cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the haematological effects of oleanolic acid (OA) in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. Methods The animals were separated into five groups; the nondiabetic group (ND), the diabetic control group (DC), and the treatment groups of insulin (170 μg/kg, s.c), metformin (500 mg/kg, p.o), and OA (80 mg/kg, p.o). OA was administered orally twice a day. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and blood and tissues were collected for haematological, hormonal, and oxidative status analysis. Results Untreated diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycaemia, elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), oxidative stress, and a reduced erythropoietin (EPO) concentration when compared to ND rats. However, administration of OA attenuated hyperglycaemia, HbA1c, and EPO concentrations compared to DC rats. The reduction of blood glucose concentration, HbA1c, and improved EPO concentrations was further associated with a notable increase in red blood cell (RBC) count and other RBC indices. We also observed an increase in the antioxidant status of the RBCs with a concomitant decrease in oxidative stress. Conclusion These findings suggest that OA improves diabetes-induced haematological changes caused by hyperglycaemia and attenuates the progression of cardiovascular complications in DM individuals.
Highlights
As seen in type 1 diabetes, has been shown to induce cardiovascular complications through haematological alterations which include reduced deformability of the erythrocyte and increased haemolysis which is further correlated with reduced red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Hct) levels, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) [1,2,3]
The diabetic control group showed a significant decrease in Hb concentrations, MCV, and Hct levels by comparison with nondiabetic animals
RBC, MCHC, RDW, and MCH of STZ diabetic rats decreased by comparison with nondiabetic rats, this did not reach significance
Summary
As seen in type 1 diabetes, has been shown to induce cardiovascular complications through haematological alterations which include reduced deformability of the erythrocyte and increased haemolysis which is further correlated with reduced red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Hct) levels, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) [1,2,3]. The decreased deformability and increased haemolysis caused by ROS and apoptosis further decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells [8]. Sustained hyperglycaemia leads to the development of haematological alterations which, if left untreated, is associated with cardiovascular complications. These findings suggest that OA improves diabetes-induced haematological changes caused by hyperglycaemia and attenuates the progression of cardiovascular complications in DM individuals
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