The Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: Integration, Disintegration, and Demise

Reviewed by: Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War by John Deak Peter Höyng John Deak, Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2015. 355 pp. While John Deak's thorough study was not written to coincide with this year's commemoration of Francis Joseph's demise one hundred years ago—the book begins, after all, with the dynamics of Austrian governance under Joseph II in 1780—it is certainly a welcome and valuable contribution to the remembrance of Francis Joseph and his long reign of nearly seven decades. Deak counters the dominant paradigm of Francis Joseph as the last towering figure of an empire that was destined to fail because it was an outdated, medieval, multinational state entrenched against the modern nation-state model Hegel proclaimed as the endpoint in history. What Deak offers instead is "a new [End Page 127] history of the Austrian state-building project" (4), focusing on the intentions of central reformers "who continually sought to refine the Austrian state between 1740 and 1914" (6); he also tells the story of "how the bureaucracy came to be both the glue which held the state together and the lubricant which ameliorated its natural friction" (9). In short, instead of regarding Francis Joseph as synonymous with the decline of the Habsburg Empire, Deak seeks to "convince" (17) his readers that the Habsburg's complex monarchy was "a continually evolving polity" (16), not unlike the current European Union, providing a counterpoint to the all-too-popular bashing of (the imperial) bureaucracy or civil service (9). In addition to relatively accessible documents, Deak cites a variety of primary sources he uncovered, including "memoirs, handbooks, reports, private letters, statistical handbooks, and manuals on regulations" (7–8), materials that allow him to present in six chronological chapters how the central imperial state was able to set up multiple levels of intertwined administrative layers fueled by an ethos of civil service that persisted after the reign of the reformer Joseph II. Deak's perhaps too-friendly view of the Habsburg Empire and its educated elite leads, however, to several rather questionable assessments, such as his observation that "while Francis and Ferdinand ruled under the banner of reaction, they were not reactionaries" (61), supposedly because they left untouched the ethos of Josephinism, maintaining their "faith in its role as the motor of progress and development" (62). Similarly, he evaluates in contradictory terms Alexander Bach's administration by suggesting that it "may have been oppressive in the public sphere, but this guardianship of society also came with, and supplemented, both institutional modernization and economic development" (132). Deak's favorable opinion of the ever-evolving multinational and complex empire stems from his positive attitude toward the educated elite, or the Beamten, and their best intentions for a functioning, impartial, and progressive state in which central and local needs are ever coordinated or balanced. The author correspondingly downplays social frictions resulting from the economic modernization process or national conflicts, contextualizing them within continuous attempts to stabilize or make the empire-state work from within its administrative structures. A case in point is the so-called Stremayr Language Ordinance, which "elevated the Czech language to official status alongside German in Bohemia and Moravia" (203). Yet for Deak these nationalist politics "played an insignificant role in comparison to the qualities [End Page 128] necessary to represent the empire" (204). In other words, when taking consistently the view from the center of the empire "without privileging ideas of decline or a particular nation's rise" (271), a narrative emerges by which the paternalistic state flexibly deals "with the complexities of multinational, popular participation in policy making" (269). From this vantage point, Deak then concludes that the Habsburg Empire "was not ultimately defeated on the field of battle," noting that "in 1918 were no areas of the Habsburg Empire under enemy occupation" (264–65). Rather, the "war did not continue the process of state making, but ended it" (274). And while Deak admits "signs of decline in the long sweep of history in Habsburg monarchy...

Conditions of Democracy in German Austria and Hungary, 1918–1919

The book examines the interplay between popular patriotism and military culture in late imperial Austria (the western half of Austria-Hungary). For the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the outbreak of war in 1914, this study asks: firstly, how far did imperial Austrian society experience a process of militarization comparable to that of other European countries; and secondly, how far did the military sphere foster popular patriotism in the multinational state? After exploring the historical development of military culture in the Habsburg Monarchy, the book explores how the long reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I constituted a decisive phase in the militarization of Austrian society, with the dynasty and state emphasizing the military’s role as the main locus of loyalty. Popular manifestations of military culture, such as the hero cult surrounding Field Marshal Radetzky and military veterans’ associations, complemented this official agenda in many respects. However, veterans’ associations simultaneously constituted a political mobilization of the lower-middle and lower classes, who asserted their own interests and position in civil society, as is shown by case studies of regions with significant Italian-speaking populations (Trentino and the Littoral). The Austrian state’s attempts to assert greater control over veterans activities led to national and political opposition at a time when tensions over militarism and foreign policy increased. The study thus asks whether the military was really a bulwark of the multinational state or rather a polarizing force in imperial Austrian society.

A reevaluationby historians of political life in late imperial Austria and the capacity of the state to accommodate modern modes of popular political engagement is long overdue. Over the last twenty years lively discussions have developed about the extent of political modernization in Germany and Russia during the last decades before World War I. A number of historians have argued that modes of government and popular politics changed much more significantly in those empires than was previously recognized. In the meantime an important new monographic literature has arisen on popular political action, government, and civil administration in the Habsburg monarchy that suggests that much the same may have taken place there, too.

Reviewed by: Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time by Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger Richard Butterwick Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara. Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time. Translated by Robert Savage. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2021. xviii + 1045 pp. Map. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Genealogical tables. Index. $39.95: £35.00. An English-language edition of Barbara Stollberg Rilinger's monumental biography of Maria Theresa has been eagerly awaited by many dix-huitièmistes and Central Europeanists since the publication of the German original (Maria Theresia. Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit) by C. H. Beck of Munich in 2017. The addition of just one word to the title alerts us to the challenge faced by the book in Anglophone markets. Maria Theresa reigned over many realms, duchies, counties and lordships, from Tournai to Transylvania, and from Lombardy to Lodomeria. This 'agglutination' (in R. J. W. Evans's memorable phrase) is collectively referred to by scholars as 'the Habsburg Monarchy'. In contemporary diplomatic parlance, the shorthand 'Austria' denoted this assemblage of territories and titles centred on the Viennese court — a usage continued by historians. Maria Theresa and her entourage referred to 'the monarchy' as a whole, but the original family seat of Hab(icht)sburg in the Aargau had long since been lost to the Swiss Confederation. The family name Habsburg was thus a less than welcome reminder of the relatively modest origins of the 'House of Austria'. And that 'Highest Archducal House' was destined, according to its acronym AEIOU, to rule the entire world. In 1740, Maria Theresa inherited her titles of Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, and so on and so forth, from her father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, although she had to make them good. She would add the title of Queen of Lodomeria and Galicia to her collection after participating in the first partition of Poland. Yet this mighty monarch only became an empress by virtue of her husband, Francis Stephen (who had exchanged his own ducal inheritance of Lorraine for Tuscany in 1738), being elected Holy Roman Emperor at the second attempt in 1745. After his death in 1765, Maria Theresa became dowager empress until her own demise in 1780. And yet for those thirty-five years, as well as the widower Joseph II's sole decade in power, Die Kaiserin had no need of a qualifying adjective (at least outside the Russian Empire). One of the author's principal tasks, therefore, is to enable her readers to distinguish between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, and to correct the false assumption that Maria Theresa was empress of a 'Habsburg Empire'. At the same time, the historian has to explain the many overlaps between 'the Empire' and 'the monarchy'. It is a task for which Stollberg-Rilinger, the Rhenish author of several influential works on the Old Reich, is well prepared. Perhaps she assumes rather too much foreknowledge of the Holy Roman Empire in the prologue, which introduces its heroine through a mixture of [End Page 760] monuments, historiography and gendered analysis, but she provides further explanations on p. 34. These are much expanded in the fascinating fourth chapter, titled 'Empress, Emperor, Empire'. As the author shows, 'ruling the Empire and ruling the hereditary lands were two quite different things. They followed different logics and demanded political strategies' (p. 171). Maria Theresa emerges as an experienced and skilful player of the game of imperial politics. That said, she and her family spoke of travelling 'to the Empire', an understandable usage when the various exemptions of the Habsburgs' hereditary lands within the Reich from imperial jurisdiction and taxation are considered (pp. 169–70). Maria Theresa's priority was never in doubt: 'imperial policy was a Habsburg domestic policy pursued with imperial means, not a policy directed at the Empire as a political whole' (p. 186). The position of Francis Stephen, however, remained ambivalent. Although his elevation to the imperial throne belatedly resolved many questions of etiquette and diplomatic protocol which had hitherto undermined his status, he seems to have been averse to conflicts and usually accepted his wife's political dominance. This subordination...

Samuel A. Levine and the History of Grading Systolic Murmurs

As a result of war hostilities which began in the Habsburg Monarchy in 1914, migrations of the civilian population started, resulting from the movement of war refugees from the eastern front, i.e. Galicia, and also since May 1915 from the Italian front. Austria-Hungary had to face relocation and accommodation of hundreds of thousands of civilians, who were put in special refugee camps or outside of them in various towns and cities in the monarchy while being housed with their residents or in specially adapted buildings. The article shows selected aspects of the system of barrack camps created during the World War I in the Habsburg Monarchy, focusing on the efficiency of the system in the face of real challenges of the war period.

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REVIEWS 361 issues raised throughout the rest of the book had been resolved by the early nineteenth century, which forms the basis of chapter eight. While the grain supply of St Petersburg was firmly established by means of the extensive system of inland waterways, Russia’s territorial expansion in the Black Sea region led to the foundation and extensive development of Odessa as a port, which became a key outlet for southern Russia’s surplus grain for the rest of the nineteenth century. Thus, while the middle Volga region was firmly linked to the supply of grain to Russia’s northern cities and poorer regions, the lower Volga was oriented toward the Black Sea and its potential for export markets. Overall, while Jones refers to the book’s ‘old-fashioned’ focus on certain subjects — ‘money, economics, and geography’ (p. 5) — in terms of the scholarship on the US, Britain or France, his work reflects the contemporary concerns of historians of imperial Russia in seeking to re-examine or further explore these subjects with the benefit of archival accessibility and the (relative) absence of ideological vested interests. This book provides a thorough and insightful journey through a complex set of issues, whether connected specifically with St Petersburg or more broadly with the socio-economic context of eighteenth-century Russia. The author and the publisher are to be commended for the production of an attractive volume. The presentation of supporting material, in both tabular and cartographic form, is handled in a clear and useful manner, situated in close proximity to the relevant discussion in the text. Monographs such as this reflect the merits of a project that is allowed to develop over time, with wide-ranging goals and carefully considered, thorough archival research. It should prove stimulating for future generations of scholars (whether of Russia or other states) who seek to better understand the relationship between state, commerce and society in the formative, premodern period. Department of International History P. R. Keenan London School of Economics and Political Science Deak, John. Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War. Stanford Studies on Central and Eastern Europe. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2015. xiii + 355 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $65.00. In his classic 1929 study on the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy, the liberal Hungarian statesmen Oscar Jászi, then a tenured professor at Oberlin College in Ohio, weighed the strength of cohesive ‘centripetal forces’ against destructive ‘centrifugal’ ones. Among the centripetal forces that held the SEER, 95, 2, APRIL 2017 362 sprawling and diverse central European polity together were the Habsburg dynasty itself, the army, the Catholic Church, socialism and the bureaucracy. These ‘pillars of internationalism’ were eventually corroded by the centrifugal forces, exclusivist nationalism above all. John Deak has written a thoughtprovoking and ambitious study of the least glamorous of these pillars — the bureaucracy. He sheds bright light on the inner workings of a complex and evolving system of administration that many commentators have found as turbid and impenetrable as the inner recesses of Kafka’s Castle. Presenting his findings in compendious and readable form is an accomplishment in itself. But his main task is to revise the still common understanding of the Habsburg monarchy as a polity in inexorable decline from 1848, if not from the end of the eighteenth century, to its collapse in 1918 — a view that Jászi too represented. Instead, the reader encounters a spirited defence of Imperial Austria’s (not Hungary’s after 1867) ‘state-making’ project, a creative and dynamic process that only ended in the summer of 1914. The bureaucrats themselves were the motor of this process. While Empress Maria Theresa had taken the first steps toward administrative rationalization in the mid-eighteenth century, it was under her son Joseph II that the modern civil service emerged as a corps of enlightened, impartial administrators whose highest loyalty was to the unitary post-feudal state. Neglected by the fearful Francis I and the epileptic Ferdinand I, the civil service nonetheless continued to evolve separately from the crown and survived as a reserve of enlightenment ideas until 1848, when it allied with liberals against the...

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Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsForging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War. By John Deak. Stanford Studies on Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Norman Naimark and Larry Wolff.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015. Pp. xviii+356. $65.00 (cloth); $65.00 (ebook).Gary B. CohenGary B. CohenUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 89, Number 2June 2017The Persistence of Religious Voices in Modern Europe Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/691510 Views: 63Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

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WILLIAMSON. Separate Agendas: Churchill, Eisenhower, and Anglo-American Relations, 1953–1955. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006. Pp. v, 144. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by John Charmley ROBERT COLE. Propaganda, Censorship, and Irish Neutrality in the Second World War. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. x, 196. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Trevor C. Salmon WAYNE H. BOWEN. Spain during World War II. Columbia, MO and London: University of Missouri Press, 2006. Pp. x, 279. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael Seidman TERRY COPP. Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 407. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ian F. W. Beckett JAMES A. WOOD. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force 1942–1944. St Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 2006. Pp. 238. $29.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Desmond Morton FRANK BIESS. Homecomings: Returning POWs and the Legacies of Defeat in Postwar Germany. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 367. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Günter Bischof HORST BOOG, GERHARD KREBS, and DETLEF VOGEL. Germany and the Second World War: VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5, trans. Derry Cook-Radmore, Francisca Garvie, Ewald Osers, Barry Smerin, and Barbara Wilson. New York, NY: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xxxiv, 892. $250.00 (US). Reviewed by Lawrence D. Stokes EMANUELE BERNARDI. La riforma agraria in Italia e gli Stati Uniti: Guerra fredda, Piano Marshall e interventi per il Mezzogiorno negli anni del centrismo degasperiano. Bologna: II Mulino, 2006. Pp. 397. €28.00, paper; ANDREA BONOLDI and ANDREA LEONARDI, eds. La rinascita economica dell'Europa: Il piano Marshall e l'area alpina. Milan: Franco Angeli, 2006. Pp. 243. €21.00. Reviewed by D. W. Ellwood ELIZABETH EDWARDS SPALDING. The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. Pp. ix, 323. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael F. Hopkins ROBERT DAVID JOHNSON. Congress and the Cold War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xxxii, 346. $25.99 (US), paper; KENNETH OSGOOD. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006. Pp. xiv, 506. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Scott Lucas CHAD J. MITCHAM. China's Economic Relations with the West and Japan, 1949–79: Grain, Trade, and Diplomacy. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2005. Pp. xxi, 281. $122.00 (US). Reviewed by Catherine R. Schenk CHARLES GATI. Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1936 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 264. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Bennet Kovrig JACQUELINE ROSE. The Question of Zion. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xxii, 202. $19.95 (US). Reviewed by Laurence J. Silberstein KIMBERLY KATZ. Jordanian Jerusalem: Holy Places and National Spaces. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2005. Pp. xvi, 214. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael Dumper ELIZABETH STEPHENS. US Policy towards Israel: The Role of Political Culture in Defining the ‘Special Relationship’. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Pp. xi,339. $67.50 (US). Reviewed by Michelle Mart HENDRIK SPRUYT. Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 305. $22.50 (US), paper; TORE T. PETERSEN. The Decline of the Anglo-American Middle East, 1961–1969: A Willing Retreat. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 181. $67.50 (US). Reviewed by John Darwin ROBERTO RABEL. New Zealand and the Vietnam War: Politics and Diplomacy. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2005; dist. Chicago, IL: Independent Publishers Group. Pp. xi, 443. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Glen St J. Barclay SOPHIE MEUNIER. Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 223. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Christopher J. Gerry FRANCESCO DUINA. The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and MERCOSUR. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 249. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Mira Wilkins MARÍA CRISTINA GARCÍA. Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2006. Pp. xvi, 273. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Linda B. Hall ABDUL SALAM A. MAJALI, JAWAD A. ANANI, and MUNTHERJ. HADDADIN. Peacemaking: The Inside Story of the 1994 Jordanian-Israeli Treaty. Reading: Ithaca Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 353. £35.00. Reviewed by Nigel J. Ashton REKHA SAXENA. Situating Federalism: Mechanisms of Intergovernmental Relations in Canada and India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2006. Pp. 356. Rs 795. Reviewed by Caroline Andrew CHRISTINE INGEBRITSEN, IVER NEUMANN, SIEGLINDE GSTÖHL, and JESSICA BEYER, eds. Small States in International Relations. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press; and Reykjavik: University of Iceland, 2006. Pp. 334. $30.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ole Elgström STEPHEN G. BROOKS. Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 316. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey Jones NGAIRE WOODS. The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 253. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by D. E. Moggridge FRANKJ. LECHNER and JOHN BOLI. World Culture: Origins and Consequences. Oxford and Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Pp. 267. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Richard E. Lee S. NEIL MACFARLANE and YUEN FOONG KHONG. Human Security and the UN: A Critical History. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. xix, 346. $35.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gary B. Ostrower RANDALL L. SCHWELLER. Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. 182. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Charles F. Doran

Presidential address: “These united colonies are …”

Where have I been? Where am I? Fair daylight? I am mightily abused… Pray, do not mock me… I fear I am not in my perfect mind. Methinks I should know you, and know this man; Yet I am doubtful for I ...