Abstract
The stinkbugs of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha are a group of important plant sap-feeding insects, which host diverse microorganisms. Some are located in their complex morphological midgut compartments, while some within the specialized bacteriomes of insect hosts. This perpetuation of symbioses through host generations is reinforced via the diverse routes of vertical transmission or environmental acquisition of the symbionts. These symbiotic partners, reside either through the extracellular associations in midgut or intracellular associations in specialized cells, not only have contributed nutritional benefits to the insect hosts but also shaped their ecological and evolutionary basis. The stinkbugs and gut microbe symbioses present a valuable model that provides insights into symbiotic interactions between agricultural insects and microorganisms and may become potential agents for insect pest management.
Highlights
Hemiptera comprises stinkbugs, aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and cicadas, etc., are the most important agricultural pests, and the common vectors that spread plant pathogenic virus, bacteria, phytoplasma and fungi, which lead to severe economic impacts in major crop plants worldwide [1,2,3,4]
Major hemipteran insects feed on phloem sap or xylem sap that are nutritionally poor or unbalanced diets for the insect hosts live throughout the life cycle, and symbiotic associations with beneficial microorganisms to provide a supplementary source of nutrients including essential amino acids and/or vitamins [5,6,7]
Topand images ages: an alydid stinkbug Riptortus pedestris, the fourand sections of the midgut, the transmission electron micrographs of Burkholderia symbiont in midgut
Summary
Aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and cicadas, etc., are the most important agricultural pests, and the common vectors that spread plant pathogenic virus, bacteria, phytoplasma and fungi, which lead to severe economic impacts in major crop plants worldwide [1,2,3,4]. Various facultative symbionts have been found to provide the insect hosts with parasitoids resistance, heat tolerance or insecticide resistance [13,14,15,16], which lead hemipteran insects a tremendously ecological success. These insects maintain these specific beneficial partners between generations either via vertically acquire from parents or horizontally acquire from the environment with diverse routes [17]. Wethe include (i) the evolutionary hosting microbial across hemip(ii) diverse strategies of thetrajectory microbialfor acquisition; and (iii)symbionts its ecological implications teran insects;. Implications and potentials as a studying model for insect–gut microbiota interactions
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