Abstract
The gut microbiota is currently recognized as an important factor regulating the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract and influencing the energetic metabolism of the host as well as its immune and central nervous systems. Determining the gut microbiota composition of healthy subjects is therefore necessary to establish a baseline allowing the detection of microbiota alterations in pathologic conditions. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota of healthy Chilean subjects using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal samples were collected from 41 young, asymptomatic, normal weight volunteers (age: 25 ± 4 years; ♀:48.8%; BMI: 22.5 ± 1.6 kg/m2) with low levels of plasma (IL6 and hsCRP) and colonic (fecal calprotectin) inflammatory markers. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacterial DNA was amplified and sequenced using MiSeq Illumina system. 109,180 ± 13,148 sequences/sample were obtained, with an α-diversity of 3.86 ± 0.37. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes (43.6 ± 9.2%) and Bacteroidetes (41.6 ± 13.1%), followed by Verrucomicrobia (8.5 ± 10.4%), Proteobacteria (2.8 ± 4.8%), Actinobacteria (1.8 ± 3.9%) and Euryarchaeota (1.4 ± 2.7%). The core microbiota representing the genera present in all the subjects included Bacteroides, Prevotella, Parabacteroides (phylum Bacteroidetes), Phascolarctobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospira, Oscillospira, Blautia, Dorea, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Clostridium, Streptococcus (phylum Firmicutes), Akkermansia (phylum Verrucomicrobia), and Collinsella (phylum Actinobacteria). Butyrate-producing genera including Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira were detected. The family Methanobacteriaceae was reported in 83% of the subjects and Desulfovibrio, the most representative sulfate-reducing genus, in 76%. The microbiota of the Chilean individuals significantly differed from those of Papua New Guinea and the Matses ethnic group and was closer to that of the Argentinians and sub-populations from the United States. Interestingly, the microbiota of the Chilean subjects stands out for its richness in Verrucomicrobia; the mucus-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is the only identified member of this phylum. This is an important finding considering that this microorganism has been recently proposed as a hallmark of healthy gut due to its anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant properties and its ability to improve gut barrier function, insulin sensitivity and endotoxinemia. These results constitute an important baseline that will facilitate the characterization of dysbiosis in the main diseases affecting the Chilean population.
Highlights
The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota, which includes more than 1,000 different bacterial species
This study describes the first characterization of the gut microbiota of healthy Chilean subjects using 16S rRNA gene sequencing
High inter-individual variability was detected in the microbiota composition: the relative abundances ranged from 25.3 to 67.3% for Firmicutes, 4.1–63.5% for Bacteroidetes, 0.002–41.2% for Verrucomicrobia and 0.05–24.9% for Proteobacteria (Figure 1A)
Summary
The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota, which includes more than 1,000 different bacterial species. The two predominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, represent about 90% of the microbial population (Qin et al, 2010) This microbial community has coevolved with humans for hundreds of thousands of years, establishing a symbiotic relationship with their host and performing essential activities considered as vital. It contributes to the extraction of energy and nutrients from foodstuffs, synthesis of vitamins, development of the immune system and protection against pathogens (Qin et al, 2010). The gut microbiota composition of the individuals affected by these non-communicable diseases is altered and characterized by a decrease in microbial diversity (Konturek et al, 2015). Determining the composition of the gut microbiota of healthy subjects is necessary to establish a baseline that can help us to understand the association between altered gut states and diseases
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