Abstract
A periodized (14 days on/14 days off) 5% low protein-high carbohydrate (pLPHC) diet protects against weight gain, improves glucose tolerance in mice and interacts with concurrent voluntary activity wheel training on several parameters including weight maintenance and liver FGF21 secretion. The gut microbiome (GM) responds to both diet and exercise and may influence host metabolism. This study compared the cecal GM after a 13.5-week intervention study in mice on a variety of dietary interventions ± concurrent voluntary exercise training in activity wheels. The diets included chronic chow diet, LPHC diet, 40 E% high protein-low carbohydrate (HPLC) diet, an obesigenic chronic high-fat diet (HFD) and the pLPHC diet. Our hypothesis was that the GM changes with pLPHC diet would generally reflect the improved metabolic health of the host and interact with concurrent exercise training. The GM analyses revealed greater abundance phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Akkermansia on chronic and periodized LPHC and higher abundance of Oscillospira and Oscillibacter on HFD. The differences in diet-induced GM correlated strongly with the differences in a range of host metabolic health-measures. In contrast, no significant effect of concurrent exercise training was observed. In conclusion, pLPHC diet elicits substantial changes in the GM. In contrast, only subtle and non-significant effects of concurrent activity wheel exercise were observed. The pLPHC-associated microbiome may contribute to the healthier host phenotype observed in these mice.
Highlights
Overweight defined as body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2 has been suggested to account for about 65–80% of new cases of type 2 diabetes (Kahn et al, 2006)
We investigated the impact of a periodized 14 days low protein/high carbohydrate diet/14 days high-fat diet (HFD) cycles provided for 3 months in conjunction with voluntary running wheel exercise training on obesity-development, whole-body metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and cell signaling in liver and skeletal muscle (Li et al, 2018a)
We currently investigated the effect of different dietary interventions with a particular focus on pLPHC diet and concurrent activity wheel training on the Gut microbiome (GM)
Summary
Overweight defined as body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2 has been suggested to account for about 65–80% of new cases of type 2 diabetes (Kahn et al, 2006). Gut microbiome (GM) dysbiosis is causally linked to development of obesity and may affect mammalian host metabolism to influence the manifestation and severity of a range of metabolic diseases including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (Khan et al, 2014). A chronic high-fat diet (HFD) is obesigenic and impairs whole-body insulin sensitivity in multiple organs including liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle (Kleinert et al, 2018). This dietary regimen decreases the diversity of the GM and promotes overgrowth of a range of opportunistic pathogens (Khan et al, 2014). This is proposed to drive HFD-associated pathologies by increasing gut permeability and promoting lowgrade inflammation and metabolic disturbances as evidenced by co-housing, antibiotics and fecal transplant studies in mice (Khan et al, 2014; Murphy et al, 2015)
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