The greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy – Life cycle assessment of a European pressurised reactor

Abstract

Nuclear energy contributes ~10% of the global electricity generation and different views exist on its carbon-intensity and sustainability. Context is crucial to determine the sustainability of new nuclear power generators, making the existence of a global answer to the unresolved question unlikely. This study aims to establish the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with nuclear energy in Europe given ongoing construction of nuclear generators. Due to the high uncertainty and complexity that characterise construction and operation of nuclear generators, we adopt a multi-method, scenario-based approach. The three methods used are: process-based, input-output, and hybrid life cycle assessment. Scenarios account for different total energy outputs over the life cycle of the nuclear generator, different end of life options, and different sectoral allocations of costs in the input-output calculus. Results for the process-based, input-output, and hybrid methods range between 16.55–17.69, 18.82–35.15, and 24.61–32.74 gCO2e/kWh, respectively. These are either well above or at the upper end of the range of possibilities (5 to 22 gCO2e/kWh) stated in a report for the UK’s Committee on Climate Change, and significantly higher than the median value of 12 gCO2e/kWh presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They are also higher than the values acknowledged by the nuclear industry. Given the severe potential lock-in effects of today’s energy choices for future generations, this research questions the role of nuclear energy to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals and calls for further scrutiny on its sustainability and environmental viability.