Abstract
This statistical analysis investigated the socio-economic patterns of current residential Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification in California cities and towns. Specifically focusing on the LEED certification process, this analysis assesses the correlation between the percent of residential buildings with LEED certification in California places and the socio-economic characteristics of those places. The pre-analytic hypothesis was that wealthier cities and towns would have a greater number of LEED certified homes with higher levels of LEED certification. The results of Pearson correlation testing using the statistical software R showed no statistically significant relationship between the total number of LEED certified homes or at any level of certification and the socio-economic characteristics of the places in question. One very influential factor in this finding is the lack of available data-of the 1466 places in California treated as distinct by the U.S. Census with available economic information, only 75 of them had at least one LEED certified home. Another important factor is the role of community development organizations in constructing LEED certified homes. 99.9% of the affordable homes considered in this report were part of large developments (2458 out of 2460 affordable homes), 76% of market-rate homes (anything outside of the “affordable” category) were part of large developments (238 of 314 homes), and 97% of all homes considered (2696 out of 2774) were part of large developments. This analysis of LEED certified homes in California at the admittedly early stages of implementation raises further questions about whether the LEED program can function as a tool for the private homeowner and whether a process currently influenced largely by developers can serve the needs of communities and homeowners.
Highlights
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program was established in 1998 as “a voluntary, consensus-based national standard to support and validate successful green building design, construction, and operations” (ICF Consulting, February 2003)
It is important to note that, of the California cities and towns with available economic information in the 2006-2010 American Communities Survey, only 75 of 1466 places (5%) had at least one LEED certified building. This was a severe constraint on the data analysis-most California places had zero LEED buildings, limiting the information we could use to draw a conclusion about the existence of a correlation between socio-economic characteristics of California places and LEED buildings present in those areas
This analysis should be built upon as more LEED residences are constructed, and more research should be done into the dynamics between homeowners, community-based development organizations, and affordable green residences to better understand the effects of LEED certification processes on socio-economically disadvantaged communities
Summary
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program was established in 1998 as “a voluntary, consensus-based national standard to support and validate successful green building design, construction, and operations” (ICF Consulting, February 2003). This national green building certification system was formed by the U.S Green Building Council (USGBC) and is designed to offer third-party building certification and professional design guidelines and accreditation services (ICF Consulting, February 2003). According to a report on green housing standards, higher levels of certification can include stormwater retention through landscaping, innovative wastewater technologies, reflective roofs, energy generating sources, personal comfort controls, certified woods, low-emitting materials, and advanced monitoring systems (ICF Consulting, February 2003)
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