The gravitational field equations

Abstract

Let us now follow Einstein's suggestion that gravity is a manifestation of spacetime curvature induced by the presence of matter. We must therefore obtain a set of equations that describe quantitatively how the curvature of spacetime at any event is related to the matter distribution at that event. These will be the gravitational field equations , or Einstein equations , in the same way that the Maxwell equations are the field equations of electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations relate the electromagnetic field F at any event to its source, the 4-current density j at that event. Similarly, Einstein's equations relate spacetime curvature to its source, the energy–momentum of matter. As we shall see, the analogy goes further. In any given coordinate system, Maxwell's equations are second-order partial differential equations for the components F µν of the electromagnetic field tensor (or equivalently for the components A µ of the electromagnetic potential). We shall find that Einstein's equations are also a set of second-order partial differential equations, but instead for the metric coefficients g µν of spacetime. The energy–momentum tensor To construct the gravitational field equations, we must first find a properly relativistic (or covariant ) way of expressing the source term . In other words, we must identify a tensor that describes the matter distribution at each event in spacetime.