Abstract
The Grand Challenge of Cardiovascular Epidemiology: Turning the Tide.
Highlights
Major advances in the understanding of causes and pathophysiology of CVD were made already during the 1960s and 1970s, and the widely recognized CVD risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, and family history were established before 1975 [7]
Efforts to decrease cholesterol levels and smoking have been successful in the United States and Europe over the past two decades, we see increasing prevalences of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Grand challenge of cardiovascular epidemiology poses as one of the central threats to global public health calling for urgent action
Summary
Major advances in the understanding of causes and pathophysiology of CVD were made already during the 1960s and 1970s, and the widely recognized CVD risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, and family history were established before 1975 [7]. As a result of increased understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, cardiac care was radically improved and major pharmaceutical drugs have contributed to dramatically decreasing case fatality rates and improved survival in patients with myocardial infarction.
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