Abstract
Abstract The reproductive system includes not only the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis affecting the production of gametes and various sex accessory structures, but also includes the modulating roles of both the hypo thalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. No other endocrine system is so strongly influenced by selective processes of the environment as the HPG axis. Thus, many reproductive adaptations have evolved independently in diverse groups of animals.
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