Abstract

The paper is devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits’ analysis which provides a distinction between prelusory goal and lusory goal is insufficient, and thus introduction of a third kind of goal is necessary. I suggest to call this third kind of goal institutional goal. The paper discusses the definition of this kind of goal as well as its relations to other kinds of goals in games and other elements of game-playing. These three goals create the goal triad, a conceptual map of all possible goal-related situations. Both Venn diagrams and Euler diagrams are used to represent this triad. Various fields of these diagrams, which represent a spectrum of specific situations that occur in games, are illustrated by case-studies, taken mainly (although not exclusively) from the history of association football (soccer).El artículo plantea un análisis detallado de la noción de objetivo de los juegos. Se argumenta que el análisis de los juegos de Suits, que ofrece una distinción entre objetivo lúdico y meta pre-lúdica, es insuficiente, por lo que es necesaria la introducción de un tercer objetivo. A este tercer objetivo sugiero llamarlo meta institucional. El artículo analiza la definición de este tipo de objetivo, así como sus relaciones con los otros tipos de objetivos y elementos del juego. Estos tres objetivos constituyen la tríada de objetivos, un mapa conceptual de todas las relaciones posibles entre objetivos. Para representar la tríada se emplean los diagramas de Venn y de Euler. Varios campos de estos diagramas, que representan un espectro de situaciones específicas que suceden en los juegos, se ilustran con estudios de casos, tomados principalmente (aunque no exclusivamente) de la historia del fútbol.

Highlights

  • Roger Caillois, one of the founders of the philosophical theory of games, play and sport, had aptly observed that games are governed by a separate «legislature» suspending ordinary rules of everyday life

  • Suits’ complete definition of game playing is as follows: To play a game is to attempt to achieve a specific state of affairs [prelusory goal], using only means permitted by rules [lusory means], where the rules prohibit use of more efficient in favour of less efficient means [constitutive rules], and where the rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity [lusory attitude]. (Suits, 1978: 41)

  • The Goal Triad is grounded in the essential features of sport: 1) the fact that sport is goal directed – is reflected in the elementary notion of prelusory goal (PG); 2) the fact that sport is rule-governed is reflected in the fact that achieving the prelusory goal in games is rule-governed (LG) 3) the fact that sport is institutionalized is reflected in the notion of institutional goal (IG)

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Summary

Introduction

Roger Caillois, one of the founders of the philosophical theory of games, play and sport, had aptly observed that games are governed by a separate «legislature» suspending ordinary rules of everyday life. Research, which would assume a mature method to attack the ethical issues concerning sports ought to examine specific problems emerging from the clash of two separate worlds of rules – everyday and game-specific.The issues relate to the ontological structure of sport activities. This duty is, inter alia, expressed in a remark made by S. I would like, to some extent, fill this gap, by examining the problem of the structure of games and sports, and – by paying particular attention to the issue of goals It is a basic problem for both, praxeological as well as ethical analyses of activities occurring within the framework of sports. Plays a similar role to metaethics: it does not analyse the ethical problems directly, leads to some conclusions of ethical nature

THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF SPORT
Suits’ Analysis of the Notion of Goal in Games
Suits’ Definition of Game PlayinG
Inefficiency of Suits’ Analysis of the Notion of Goal in Games
The Goal Triad and the Essential Features of Sport
Conclusion
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