Abstract
Pacing process can be thought as a complex process in which the subject controls the intensity of exercise at any time. It is a key factor determining performance, notably in ultra-endurance events. We agree with the fact that perceived exertion is central in the process of pacing as proposed in the central governor model and the psycho-motivational model, notably. But we claim that using effort, as a unique parameter, is not sufficient and that motivation should be integrated in a more complete manner. The aim of this paper was to explore the role of effort but also other perceptive parameters and motivation in fatigue regulation and pacing process. The impact of motivation and feelings were also envisaged in order to propose a novel model of pacing adapted to ultra-endurance. We explore the manner in which objective and subjective characteristics of the task but also the factors of motivation, emotional state, the level of acceptation of emotional state and physiological state interact which each other in order that the athlete self-selects his intensity during fatiguing exercise. Finally, we propose a new “global model of pacing process” (GMPP) based on the self-determination theory, the theory of goal setting and task motivation, and the theory of energy conservation, in order to have a more holistic view of this complex process.
Highlights
Ultra-endurance events as ultra-trails have been largely democratized and attract more and more athletes
Pacing process can be thought as a complex process in which the subject controls the intensity of exercise at any time
We argue that pacing process in long to ultra long distance could be envisaged as a regulation of motivation associated with the ability to properly treat sensations during the entire exercise in order that the finish line could be reach
Summary
If physiological resources are of importance, the manner in which athlete manages energy expenditure so that no factor will becoming limiting before the endpoint of exercise, named as pacing process, is a key factor determining performance (Baron, Moullan, Deruelle, & Noakes, 2011) It can be thought of as a complex process in which the subject controls the intensity of exercise at any time by taking into consideration physiological reserves in relation to the estimated time until the finish at that exercise intensity (Baron et al, 2011). Methods that are required to study the process of motivation are too long and complex to be used during exercise For this reason, sport psychologists’ just use the perception of effort in order to estimate the level of motivation and its evolution during fatiguing exercise (Gendolla & Richter, 2010). The impact of motivation and feelings were envisaged in order to propose a novel model of pacing adapted to ultra-endurance
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