Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions significantly impacted individuals' health, wellbeing, and security. Isolation, limitation of movement, social distancing, and forced cohabiting have had a strong influence on all areas of people's lives as well as on their sexuality. Investigating how the COVID-19 outbreak and its consequences impacted people's sexuality was the primary aim of this review. Particularly, we focused on: (1) the variables associated with the improvement or the deterioration of individuals' and couples' lives during the pandemic; (2) the use of sex as a coping strategy; (3) the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on LGBT people. Results have shown that the worsening of sexual life seems to be related to couples' conflict, emotions and psychological difficulties, being female, being single or away from the partner, being a health care worker, and having children. Moreover, a detrimental effect on sexuality was associated with stress, forced cohabitation, routine, anxiety and worry about the job and the pandemic, feeling partner distance, being unhappy with their partner, and lack of privacy. On the other hand, improvements in sexuality were associated with living happily with a partner, being happy and satisfied with a partner, feeling less stressed and more bored, having more free time, having fewer recreation opportunities, and having minor workload. During the pandemic, there was an increase in using sex toys, pornography consumption, masturbating, and trying sexual experimentations. Among LGBT people, an increase was found in the number of casual sexual partners potentially due to the perceived lower likelihood of transmission through sex. Moreover, the increase in sexual activity may have represented a coping strategy to quarantine-related distress.
Highlights
On March 11, 2020, the WHO Director-General declared COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19) a global pandemic (World Health Organization, 2020)
According to WHO (2020), sexual health constitutes individual well-being at a physical, emotional, mental, and social level while sexual dysfunctions can be seen as a condition that prevents people from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity (Karagöz et al, 2020)
A cross-sectional study conducted in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal from April 3 to April 15, 2020, found that 45% of participants thought that quarantine affected their sexual lives, even if no substantial differences in sexual activity were found between before and during lockdown (Arafat et al, 2020)
Summary
On March 11, 2020, the WHO Director-General declared COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19) a global pandemic (World Health Organization, 2020). People’s lives dramatically changed and individuals had to cope with many stressors such as social isolation, recreative, physical, and social limitations, school closures, forced cohabitation, financial uncertainty, fear of contagion, and death. Such an emergency negatively affected individuals’ psychological health worldwide, triggering stressful emotional responses. Impact of COVID-19 on Sexuality characterized by an increase in negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and a decrease in positive emotions and life satisfaction (Li S. et al, 2020; Pera, 2020; Salari et al, 2020). Other common responses to the pandemic were fear, anger, sense of guilt, pain, and loss, and post-traumatic stress-related symptoms (Gawai et al, 2020; Pera, 2020)
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