The global genetic structure of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is characterized by high nuclear diversity, low mitochondrial diversity, regular recombination, and gene flow

Abstract

A total of 1673 Mycosphaerella graminicola strains were assayed for DNA fingerprints and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The isolates were collected from 17 wheat fields located in 11 countries on five continents over a six year period (1989–1995). Our results indicate that genetic diversity in the nuclear genome of this fungus was high for all but three of the field populations surveyed and that populations sampled from different continents had similar frequencies for the most common RFLP alleles. Hierarchical analysis revealed that more than 90% of global gene diversity was distributed within a wheat field, while ∼5% of gene diversity was distributed among fields within regions and ∼3% was distributed among regions on different continents. These findings suggest that gene flow has occurred on a global scale. On average, each leaf was colonized by a different nuclear genotype. In contrast, only seven mtDNA haplotypes were detected among the 1673 isolates and the two most common mtDNA haplotypes represented approximately 93% of the world population, consistent with a selective sweep. Analysis of multilocus associations indicated that all field populations were in gametic equilibrium, suggesting that sexual recombination is a regular occurrence globally.