Abstract
The transition from non-citizenship to citizenship status for Third World migrants in First World states entails successfully navigating various legal, institutional, financial and ideological barriers that are established by a range of gatekeepers. Recent critical scholarship on citizenship has tended to neglect the centrality of these gatekeepers in regulating access to formal, juridical citizenship, based on the argument that democratic rights are ‘purely formal’ in the face of massive social inequalities. Dismantling legal restrictions on the enjoyment of rights is seen to be unlikely to ensure real advances in human autonomy and democracy without concomitant measures to reduce material inequalities.472 As Bridget Anderson has pointed out, citizenship debates have thus ‘rather taken for granted the right to citizenship in the formalized sense of what passport a person holds and an individual’s right to be present and work in a particular nation state’.473
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