The Glaphyromorphus isolepis Species Group (Lacertilia: Scincidae): Diagnosis of the Taxon and Description of a New Species from Timor

This study deals with minimally speciose epiphloeine genera. Hapsidopteris, based on H. diastenus Opitz, (type locality: México: Jalapa), is the presumed sister taxon of Opitzia Nemésio [type species: O. chiapas (Opitz), type locality: México: Chiapas: 39 km NW Comitán] a bitypic genus that also includes O. apicula, new species (type locality: Bolivia: Santa Cruz: Amboro Road, above Achira Campo). Two species define Iontoclerus Opitz, I. humeralis (Klug) (type locality: Brazil: Parà) and I. sericeus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil: Rondonia: 62 km SE Ariquemes), whose presumed sister genus is the monotypic Pericales, new genus, based on P. albogilvus, new species (type locality: Haiti: Sud-Ouest: Massif de La Selle, Morne d’Enfer). The Middle American bitypic Katamyurus Opitz [type species: K. paxillus Opitz, type locality: Nicaragua: Cerro Chimborazo], which also includes K. albopaniculus, new species (type locality: México: Sinaloa: 14 km NE La Cap. del Taxte), is considered the sister taxon to Ellipotoma Spinola (type species: E. tenuiformis Spinola. Type locality: Colombia). Megatrachys Opitz (type species: Megatrachys paniculus Opitz (type locality: México: Chiapas: 8 km W San Cristóbal) contains two additional species, M. bibara, new species (type locality: Guatemala: Zacapa: 2 km San Lorenzo) and M. truncatia, new species (type locality: México: Chiapas: 47.5 km NW Comitán) and is the hypothesized sister taxon to Pennasolis, new genus [type species; P. merkeli (Horn), type locality: Arizona: Cochise County, South West Research Station, 8 km W Portal], which in addition to the type species also contains P. californica (Van Dyke) (type locality: California: Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Valley. The phylogenetic relationships of two South American monotypic genera have not been deciphered; these are Pteroferus, new genus, based on P. zolnerowichi, new species (type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia), and Turbophloeus, new genus, based on T. simplex (Schenkling) whose type locality is Bolivia: Santa Cruz: Amboro National Park, Los Volcanes. Lectotypes are designated for Pennasolis merkeli (Horn), Iontoclerus humeralis (Klug), I. sericeus (Klug), and Turbophloeus simplex (Schenkling). The latter binomial represents a new combination whose specific epithet was originally associated with Epiphloeus.

Morphoclines for the front and rear limb bone configurations in the sand-swimming lizard genus Lerista trace only a very narrow pathway through morphological space. The morphoclines are generally finely-graded and linear, except for one mutually exclusive pair of osteological configurations in the manus and one in the pes. These alternative states plus the occurrence of adult configurations not seen in the development of generally primitive tetrapods suggest that limb reduction in Lerista is not simply the global truncation of a primitive developmental sequence. A circumstantial argument is made for the functional significance of at least some of the observed morphology: the condition of near or complete absence of the front limb in conjunction with the retention of two toes on the rear limb is common in Lerista and two other skink lineages inhabiting fine, loosely-consolidated sand. The various configurations in the Lerista morphoclines are disproportionately represented by species; this may reflect speciation opportunities in various habitats. Numbers of postsacral vertebrae are not sexually dimorphic. Coefficients of variation of postsacral vertebrae exceed those for presacral vertebrae, reflecting inversely the relative functional importance of the two parts of the vertebral column. In interspecific comparisons, the number of phalanges in the pes is positively correlated with the number of phalanges in the manus and negatively correlated with the numbers of presacral and postsacral vertebrae. Functionally, this reflects the supplementary relationship between the modalities of limbed locomotion (phalanges) and the com- plementary relationship between the modalities of limbed and trunk locomotion (vertebrae). Among tetrapods lizards are renowned for the many lineages that have undergone limb reduction independently, and among lizards,

In order to investigate the Chinese representatives from two genera of the tribe Oodini LaFerté-Sénectère, 1851, twenty-three Palaearctic and Oriental species of the genera Lachnocrepis LeConte, 1853 and Oodes Bonelli, 1810 are taxonomically reviewed. Because the species in question share a high degree of morphological similarity they are grouped in the "Oodes generic group". The character-analysis showed that seven species belong to Oodes, including five species to Oodes s.str. and two species to Lachnocrepis (downgraded to subgenus). The remaining sixteen species are classified in three genera: ten species in Pseudoodes gen. n. (type species: Oodes cribristernis Bates, 1892), two species in Sundaoodes gen. n. (type species: Sundaoodes hainanensis sp. n.), and four species in Nothoodes gen. n. (type species: Oodes angustatus Lorenz, 2005). The taxa of Oodes s.str. and Pseudoodes gen. n. are arranged in two and four species groups, respectively. Eleven species from three genera, including six new to science, are found in China: Oodes (Oodes) echigonus Habu Baba, 1960, Oodes (Lachnocrepis) desertus Motschulsky, 1858, Oodes (Lachnocrepis) japonicus (Bates, 1873), Pseudoodes cribristernis (Bates, 1892) (first record for China), Pseudoodes rambouseki (Jedlička, 1931), Pseudoodes ampliusculus, sp. n. (type locality: Mingfenggu Valley, Jiangfengling Mountains, Hainan), Pseudoodes emeishanicus, sp. n. (type locality: Xixinsuo Temple, Emei Shan, Leshan City, Sichuan), Pseudoodes hunanensis, sp. n. (type locality: Xiaozhuangping, Tianping Shan, Sangzhi County, Hunan), Pseudoodes leigongshanicus, sp. n. (type locality: Xijiang Town, Leigong Shan, Leishan County, Guizhou), Pseudoodes tianlinensis, sp. n. (type locality: Cenwanglao Shan, Tianlin County, Guangxi), and Sundaoodes hainanensis, sp. n. (type locality: Nada Town, Danzhou City, Hainan). Two further new species, Sundaoodes kalimantanensis, sp. n. (type locality: Bukit Liang Mount, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia) and Nothoodes bharat, sp. n. (type locality: Dwarakapuram Village, Naidupet Mandal, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India), are also described. The following new synonymies are proposed: Oodes parallelus Motschulsky, 1858, syn. n. of Oodes helopioides (Fabricius, 1792); Oodes parallelogrammus Motschulsky, 1858, syn. n. of Oodes helopioides (Fabricius, 1792); Oodes prolixus Bates, 1873, syn. n. of Oodes desertus Motschulsky, 1858; Simous viridissimus Louwerens, 1951, syn. n. of Pseudoodes coelestinus (Chaudoir, 1882). The synonymy of Oodes hahni Reitter, 1908 with Oodes desertus Motschulsky, 1858 is confirmed. Also, the following new combinations are introduced: Oodes japonicus (Bates, 1873), comb. n. of Lachnocrepis japonica Bates, 1873; Pseudoodes vicarius (Bates, 1873), comb. n. of Oödes vicarius Bates, 1873; Pseudoodes coelestinus (Chaudoir, 1882), comb. n. of Oodes coelestinus Chaudoir, 1882; Pseudoodes subcoriaceus (Chaudoir, 1882), comb. n. of Oodes subcoriaceus Chaudoir, 1882; Pseudoodes cribristernis (Bates, 1892), comb. n. of Oodes cribristernis Bates, 1892; Pseudoodes rambouseki (Jedlička, 1931), comb. n. of Holosoma rambouseki Jedlička, 1931; Nothoodes taprobanae (Andrewes, 1923), comb. n. of Oodes taprobanae Andrewes, 1923; Nothoodes longus (Andrewes, 1940), comb. n. of Oodes longus Andrewes, 1940; Nothoodes angustatus (Lorenz, 1998), comb. n. of Oodes angustatus Lorenz, 1998. Lectotypes are designated for Oodes parallelus Motschulsky, 1858, Oodes parallelogrammus Motschulsky, 1858, Oodes desertus Motschulsky, 1858, Oodes cribristernis Bates, 1892, Oodes hahni Reitter, 1908, Oodes thessalonicensis Schatzmayr, 1909, Oodes helopioides var. fiorii Porta, 1923, and Holosoma rambouseki Jedlička, 1931. A key to the species, diagnoses, descriptions, notes on type specimens, relationships, distribution, bionomics when available, and figures of body, genitalia and other characters useful for taxonomy are provided. Numerous new records, including first country records for Romania, Israel, Nepal, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Brunei, and Indonesia, are registered.

Over 400 cyanobacterial genera have been described up to the present. Since the Cambridge Rules (https://www.iapt‐taxon.org/historic/1935.htm: Rendle 1935), a type species (generitype) must be specified at the time of description for a new genus to be validly described. Even though we have entered a time in which sequencing has become practical and widespread, the basic molecular characterization (e.g., 16S rRNA gene sequence) of most cyanobacterial generitypes is still lacking. About 15 cyanobacterial genera were originally described from Scandinavia. Following a field excursion in which the type or syntype localities for the type species of these genera were visited and sampled, we succeeded in finding three type species from their type or syntype localities: Capsosira brebissonii, Stigonema mamillosum, and Paracapsa siderophila. Epitypes for all three generitypes are herein established. Cells or filaments of C. brebissonii and S. mamillosum were isolated and used for single‐cell/filament PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent cloning and sequencing of the PCR amplicons. This allows a firm establishment of reference sequences of these two genera, to which morphologically similar taxa can now be compared. Stigonema and Capsosira are shown herein to be sister to Aetokthonos hydrillicola, a cyanobacterium known to cause avian vacuolar myelinopathy in birds, including bald eagles.

Abstract. Pramatana F, Hasibuan MM, Tohir RK, Tae CE, Fathurohman F, Maryanto I, Wiantoro S, Supriatna N, Arsa IGBA, Rammang N, Marawali A. 2025. Bat species on Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 564-571. Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, is one of the Lesser Sunda regions with unique biodiversity. Updating information as a database needs to be carried out to become the basis for conservation actions at the species and ecosystem levels, considering that bat species are very vulnerable to habitat destruction. This research aims to collect a checklist of bat species on Timor Island by selecting sampling locations based on the habitat's climatic conditions. The study was conducted in 10 research locations, including conservation, forest, village, and one disturbance area. Data was collected using mist nets, harp traps, and interviews with local communities. Suppose there is a record or a species that is doubtful in its identification, a specimen will be made and will then send samples to the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesia. Bat research in the Timor Island area was carried out in 1979 and recorded twenty-two species of bats. However, the locations in that research are spread across the Timor Leste region. This study on Timor Island, Indonesia, recorded twenty bat species, including a new record of Dobsonia viridis in the Lesser Sunda Island region. This species was previously documented only in Celebes and Moluccas.

The t axonomy of social wasps of the poiistine tribe Ropalidiini in the eastern part of ti,e Lesser Sunda Islands (viz., Sumba, Flores and Timor as included major islands) was studied based mainly on specimens recently collected by ourselves and those deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor. Parapolybia varia (Fabricius) and 11 species of Ropalictia are recognized ill tile region and their faunal characteristics are discussed. Nomenclatural changes included are: synonymy of Ropalidia laticincta floresinana van der vecht, 1962 under R. laticincta van der vecht, 1962; synonymies of Icaria nigroplagiata Cameron, 1900, R. mathematica binotata uau der vecin, 1941 and R. mathematica sumbaensis van der vecht, 1962, all under R. mathematica (Smith: 1860); revised status of R. socialis trimarulata van der vecht, 1962, and R. variegata dichrorna van der vecht, 1941, both being raised to species milk. New locality records are R. cyathiformis from Lombok and Flores Islallds, R. laticincta from Sobu (or Sawu) Island, R. rufoplagiata (Cameron) from Timor Island, and R. javanica van der vecht from Sumbawa island. Key words: Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae, Ropalidiini, distribution, Indonesia, synonymy

Fifty percent of maternal deaths occur within the first 24 hours of delivery. Furthermore, 30 percent of the population still practices traditional treatments for a mother in their postpartum period. Timor tribe in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) has culturally distinctive practices for a mother in their postpartum period, called as tatobi and panggang. These two practices put the health at serious risk. For this reason the present research aims to further investigate such cultural practices of the Timor concerning the postpartum care (tatobi and panggang) in Bello village, Maulafa distric. This present research was qualitative employing phenomenological research design. The sample was determined by employing purposive sampling method. The results show that the mother, during their postpartum period, chose to do tatobi and panggang because such practices are believed to be able to help the mother for the post-pregnancy recovery. However, in the actual practices they often caused excessive bleeding leading to a higher risk of suffering from infections and postpartum anemia. Some conclusions can be drawn; such cultural practices, tatobi and panggang, are seriously risky for the postnatal mother, but they are beneficial, on the other hand, to improve blood circulation and promote exclusive breast milk. Keywords: Culture, Postpartum, Timor tribe

The Nemonychidae of the Nearctic Region are revised for the first time. The family is considered to contain the most primitive living weevil species, most of them associated with Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae, and spread over four biogeographical regions. The Nearctic fauna is composed of 17 species in five genera placed in two subfamilies, all associated with Pinaceae. The subfamily Rhinorhynchinae, here reported for the first time from the Nearctic, is represented by the new genus Atopomacer and its three species, all new - A. ites (type locality: Estes Park, Colorado), A. hoplites (type locality: Cerro Potosi, Nuevo León, Mexico), and A. orites (type locality: Cerro Potosí, Nuev León, Mexico). The nearest relatives seem to be those known to be associated with Podocarpaceae in New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. The subfamily Doydirhynchinae has 14 species in four genera. All species occur in the United States, and eight are also found in Canada. The only genus shared with the Palearctic is CimberisGozis, which has, apart from the type species C. attelaboides (Fabricius) from Europe, seven species in North America. These are C. bihirsuta Hatch, C. compta (LeConte), C. decipiens sp. n. (type locality: Mariposa County, California), C. elongata (LeConte), C. pallipennis (Blatchley), C. pilosa (LeConte), and C. turbans sp. n. (type locality: Wolverton, Sequoia National Park, California). Cimberis pallipennis is reinstated from synonymy with C. pilosa, and C. parvula Hatch is considered a junior synonym of C. compta. There are three new genera, Pityomacer with three new species - P carmelites (type locality: Carmel, Monterey County, California), P. nugax (type locality: Giant Forest, Tulare County, California), and P. pix (type locality: Vernon, British Columbia); Acromacer, with A. bombifrons (LeConte) transferred from Cimberis; and Lecontellus, proposed for the Nearctic species previously in the Palearctic genus Doydirhynchus Dejean, with the species L. byturoides (LeConte), L. pinicola sp. n. (type locality: W. Woffard Hts, Kern County, California), and L. slevini (Martin).

Wahyuni S, Supartha IW, Ubaidillah R, Wijaya IN. 2017. Parasitoid community structure of leafminer Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and the rate of parasitization on vegetable crops in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 593-600. Parasitoids such as leafminer have long been known to play an important role in reducing potential pest populations. However, detailed information about the parasitoid community in many agroecosystems is still very limited. To attempt to address this data gap, we assessed the rate of parasitism, diversity, abundance and dominance of leafminer parasitoids in different agroecosystems. The survey was carried out from February to July 2015 in Lesser Sunda islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Timor. Samples were taken from three different vegetable ecosystem types the forest edge (H1), agricultural (H2) and settlement (H3). In each ecosystem, 50 leaves were sampled from 20 kinds of vegetable crops attacked by Liriomyza spp. Samples were taken five times per location every week. The sampling results found three distinct species of leafminer flies present: Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and Chromatomyia horticola. The sampling also successfully identified 7 other parasitoids with parasitization rates between 0.09%-32.58% i.e. Neochrysocharis formosa (8.20%-32.58%), Hemiptarsenus varicornis (4.57%-24.21%), Opius chromatomyiae (0.88%-22.35%), Opius dissitus (0.49%- 5.08%), Neochrysocharis okazakii (0.69 %-1.24%), Asecodes deluchii (0.51%-5.89%) and Gronotoma micromorpha (0.09%-0.34%). Indices of abundance (R) and diversity (H') were also calculated, with the highest species abundance being found on the Lombok and the lowest on the Sumbawa. Neochrysocharis formosa abundance was found in all the islands sampled, while the dominance (D = 0.43) was found on the Sumbawa. N. formosa was found to have the highest population abundance and parasitism rate, and was found on every island in Lesser Sunda including on the Lombok (1853 adult; 31.16%), Sumbawa (472 adult; 8.2%), Flores (1117 adult; 15.96 %) and Timor (984 adult; 22.18%). The results of these studies suggest a strong need for effective pest control policies for Liriomyza spp. in the research locations, as well as for other vegetable crops in Indonesia

(a) A map of Wallacea showing islands invaded by Duttaphrynus melanostictus in red, islands inhabited by Varanus komodoensis in blue, and localities of genetic samples in yellow points. (b) A D. melanostictus from Lombok Island. (c) Environmental niche model for the Sunda Islands clade of D. melanostictus projected into Wallacea. Green color indicates very high suitability, yellow color indicates high suitability, and orange color indicates moderate suitability.

Eucalyptus alba sensu lato is currently distributed through northern Australia and Papua New Guinea, as well as the Lesser Sunda islands of Indonesia and Timor-Leste. In the Lesser Sundas the distribution of E. alba is poorly-known, but it has been recorded from the central islands of Flores, Solor, Adonara, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, Atauro, Wetar and Timor. Here, I document the first E. alba records for two remote volcanic Lesser Sunda islands - Damar and Romang. I also note new E. alba records from the less isolated Lesser Sunda islands of Lirang, Leti and Moa. Further study of these populations is needed to clarify the relationships, taxonomic status and dispersal among members of the E. alba species complex.

The Alas Mentaok was a forest dominated by the mentaok tree (Wrightia javanica) that once existed in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. This forest has cultural and historical value, as it is believed to be the first location to establish the Mataram Islam Kingdom in Java in 1582 AD. This study utilized species distribution models (SDMs) to investigate the species distribution pattern and assess its latest conservation status in Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. The methodology used involved collecting occurrence and environmental data of W. javanica, conducting species distribution modeling using the maximum entropy algorithm, evaluating the model's accuracy, and performing an independent assessment of the area of occupancy (AOO) and extensive occurrence (EOO) using the geospatial conservation assessment tool (GeoCAT). While the number of suitable habitat areas for W. javanica in Yogyakarta is projected to decrease by 2100, the islands of Sumba and Timor are anticipated to experience an increase in the suitable habitat areas for the species during the same year. The analysis of BIOCLIM 34 indicates the mean moisture index of the warmest quarter plays a vital role in the current and future projections. AOO calculation in GeoCAT places this species in the endangered (EN) category, particularly within our regions of interest in Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Overall, a full assessment combining a habitat suitability model with current conservation status information would provide a more comprehensive understanding of mentaok's habitat preferences and current conservation status in Indonesia.

This paper aims to look at various strategic issues which are problems that exist in the Indonesia-Timor Leste border region in East Nusa Tenggara Province, both in the determination and affirmation of border areas, as well as economic, natural resource and environmental issues, conditions infrastructure, and population, social and cultural conditions. This paper uses qualitative methods, through documentation and literature tracing, with the primary source of National Border Management Regulation No. 1/2011 on the Design of State Border Management No. 1/2015 on the 2015-2019 State Border Management Master Plan. Strategic issues in managing border areas are mainly in the aspects of setting and affirming national boundaries and perspectives of enhancing defense and security and law enforcement. While the strategic issues concerning the land border area of Indonesia-Timor Leste in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara mainly regard economic conditions, natural resources and the environment, infrastructure conditions, and population, social and cultural conditions. Keywords: Border Area, Land Border, East Nusa Tenggara, Timor Leste

Introduction: Caring and treatment of hypertension is a long process that requires a strategy in managing the disease, one of which is self management. The aim of This study was to determine the correlation between Demographic Characteristics and knowledge with Self Management of Hypertension in the Timor tribal community. Methods: This research was a descriptive analytic study with a coros sectional approach conducted on 70 the timor tribal community in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara. The study was conducted in February 2020. Demographic characteristics studied include gender, age, education level, employment and family income. Components of Self Management Hypertension measured include drug swallowing, diet and control of blood pressure. Demographic data, knowledge and Self Management of Hypertension were measured using a questionnaire and analyzed using chi square test using SPSS 21. results: the results showed demographic characteristics (age and education level) and knowledge correlated positively with self management of hypertension. Age with p value (0,001), while level of education and knowledge with p value (0,000). Conclusions and recommendations: increasing age reduces hypertension self management abilities, meanwhile higher education and good knowledge improve hypertension self management. The recommendations of this study are that early and ongoing education is needed to increase knowledge in the management of hypertension. Keywords: Demographic Characteristics; Knowledge; Self Management; Hypertension

The research about dialect mapping in Timor Tengah Selatan regency is one of the forms of the effort in expressing the truth of humanities researchers who have exposed the Dawan language on the map of languages ​​in East Nusa Tenggara. The researcher wants to minimize the doubts of Lauder (1997) who stated that if all linguistic and non-linguistic researchers agree to use research methods and criteria in selecting the same languages, dialects, sub-dialects, and variants, It is probable that the gap between the findings of one researcher and another can be minimized. Thus, this study specifically wants to map the languages, dialects, sub-dialects, and variants that are in TTS regency. The object of this research is targeting the portrait of the Dawan language map which contains languages, dialects, sub-dialects, and variants derived in the Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study uses dialectometric techniques which are often used in diachronic linguistics. The findings of this study were (1) finding a map of Timor Tengah Selatan Regency which contains languages, dialects, sub-dialects, and variants. (2) then it was found diachronically related by linguistic means to be produced in diachronic relationships by the linguistic system. (3) there were three variants in this study, namely the Dawan R variant, the Dawan L variant, and the Tetun variant. (4) The study produced a map of the dialectic spiderweb of the TTS Regency.