Abstract
Penny (2009) urges that biologists stress more strongly the biological continuity between great apes and humans. Besides stressing genetic similarities, he suggests that great apes also share psychological capacities, including language and tool use. I argue that he underestimates the psychological differences. There is no evidence that great apes have anything approaching human language, or human technological capacity. A main ingredient of human cognition is recursion, which lifted communication to true combinatorial language and simple tool use to advanced combinatorial technology. Recursion may also explain the combinatorial structure of human memory, imagination, and theory of mind. Part of the key, as Penny recognises, may lie in the trajectory of human brain growth, but there is still much to understand in how micro-tweaking of the genome achieved such dramatic differences between ape and human.
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