The German statistical category “migration background”: Historical roots, revisions and shortcomings

Anne-Kathrin Will

doi:10.1177/1468796819833437

Abstract

The term “migration background” is commonly used in Germany today, but this neologism is only 20 years old. As an official category, it is even much younger. There has been only little research concerning the new population category, which emerged around the turn of the millennium. Thus, the question how the “migration background” could become the central category describing migration related diversity in Germany is not answered yet. This article fills this gap by exploring the context of the emergence of the “migration background” including the history of ethnic categories in German official statistics. It describes the actual definition of a “migration background” which became an official category in 2007 when the German Federal Statistical Office started publishing data regarding “the population with a migration background” based on the microcensus, a 1% household survey with mandatory participation. The central questions are: how national membership is imagined, how is it inscribed in definitions, and what adaptions had to be made over time? To answer these questions, different sources as questionnaires, publications of results of the microcensus and national reports on children and youth are analysed. Using interpretative methods, it is shown how a new taxonomy of the population in Germany was created, how it was influenced by international and national educational research, and to which extent it reshaped the perspectives on newcomers and natives. It is shown that the new category is tightly bound to citizenship and summarizes a number of older ethnic categories, but excludes also immigrated Germans who immigrated shortly after Second World War and from the former German Democratic Republic. Therefore, the label “migration background” is misleading because inherited citizenship and ancestry is in the centre of the definition rather than migration experience.

Highlights

Institut fur Europ€aische Ethnologie und Berliner Institut fur empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM), Humboldt-Universit€at zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
I will first recount the historical context of the official statistical category “migration background” and its antecedents; secondly, analyse how this category was conceptualized by the Federal Statistical Office and end with discussing some shortcomings and problematic implications of this concept for recent membership in the German nation
In 2005, the Federal Statistical Office defined this category for the first time: Persons with a migration background are defined as ‘all migrants who entered the current territory of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, and all foreigners born in Germany and all those born in Germany as Germans with at least one parent who immigrated to Germany or who was born as a foreigner in Germany’. (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2009 (2007): 6)

Summary

Introduction

Institut fur Europ€aische Ethnologie und Berliner Institut fur empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM), Humboldt-Universit€at zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. A first observation concerning the German microcensus is that categories specifying different foreign citizenships were not considered in the first six years of the survey, but from 1964 onwards in increasing detail (see Figure 1).3

Results

Conclusion