Abstract
This paper describes the geometric geolocation accuracy of LiDAR footprint, utilizing an aircraft configuration that supports a sensor designed to scan the surface of the Earth, a DGPS and INS/IMU system. It is presented a review of LiDAR's footprints accuracy as a relationship between the input parameters, which include errors of the orbital state, attitude information of the aircraft and the look vector errors of the active sensor (LiDAR scanner), that give us the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line of sight scanning system and the Earth's surface as a function of: terrestrial ellipsoid surface, aircraft position, aircraft velocity, aircraft attitude (spatial situation) and the orientation of the LiDAR scanner. Using the derived error formulas, based on the accuracy of the navigation solution, the boresight misalignment angles, the ranging and scan angle accuracy, and laser beam divergence, the achievable point positioning accuracy can be computed for any given LiDAR system which operates at different flying heights between 70 m - 6,000 m.
Highlights
The principle of using laser for range measurement was known from late 1960s
This is due to the fact that determination of horizontal accuracy for LiDAR data is difficult due to the difficulty in locating Ground Control Points (GCPs) corresponding to the LiDAR coordinates
The accuracy is stated as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and given by: where: xdata,i, ydata,i are the coordinates of the ith check point in the dataset data xcheck,i, y check,i are the coordinates of the ith check point in the independent source of higher accuracy n is the number of check points tested i is an integer ranging from 1 to n
Summary
The principle of using laser for range measurement was known from late 1960s. At the same time it was thought of using the airborne laser for measurement of ground coordinates. This could not be realized till late 1980s as determination of location of airborne laser sensor, which is a primary requirement, was not possible. The operationalization of GPS solved this problem This is one of the important reasons why laser mapping from airborne platform could not be realized before. The LiDAR technology is known by several names in industry. One may regularly come across the names like Laser altimetry, Laser range finder, Laser radar, Laser mapper and airborne altimetry LiDAR. The reflector could be natural objects or an artificial reflector like prism
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