The genotoxicity and systemic toxicity of a pharmaceutical effluent in Wistar rats may involve oxidative stress induction.

Grace O Adeoye,Olanrewaju B Oyeleke,Chibuisi G Alimba

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.09.004

Grace O Adeoye, Olanrewaju B Oyeleke + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.09.004

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Journal: Toxicology reports	Publication Date: Jan 1, 2015
Citations: 25	License type: cc-by

Affiliation: University of Lagos, University of Ibadan

Abstract

There is scarcity of information on the possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical effluent induced genotoxicity and systemic toxicity. This study investigated the genotoxicity and systemic toxicity of a pharmaceutical effluent in Wistar rats. Rats were orally treated with 5–50% concentrations of the effluent for 28 days. At post-exposure, blood, liver, kidney and bone marrow cells were examined for alterations in serum biochemical parameters and hematological indices, histopathological lesions and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes formation (MNPCE). The effluent caused concentration independent significant (p < 0.05) alterations in aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), total and direct bilirubin and creatinine. There was reduction in red blood count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), platelets, percentage hematocrit (HCT), white blood count (WBC) and mean corpuscle hemoglobin (MCH) except mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which increased in the treated rats. Histopathological lesions observed in the liver and kidney of the effluent treated rats were thinning of the hepatic cord, kuffer cell hyperplasia, vacuolation of the hepatocytes and renal cells, multifocal inflammatory changes, necrosis and congestion of the renal blood vessels and central vein. MNPCE significantly increase in the bone marrow of the treated rats compared to the negative control. The concentration of some toxic metals and anions in the effluent were above standard permissible limits. These findings showed that the pharmaceutical effluent caused somatic DNA damage and systemic toxicity in rats may involve induction of oxidative stress, suggesting environmental contamination and health risks in wildlife and humans.

Highlights

There is unprecedented increase in the pollution status of most aquatic and terrestrial environment worldwide, due mainly to wastewater and solid waste discharge from anthropogenic activities
This study investigated the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) formation, histopathological lesions in the liver and kidney, changes in hematological indices, and alterations in serum antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and liver and kidney biochemical function parameters in pharmaceutical effluent treated Wistar rats
An aliquot was analyzed for a number of standard physical and chemical parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, ammonia and phosphates in accordance with the APHA [20]

Summary

Introduction

There is unprecedented increase in the pollution status of most aquatic and terrestrial environment worldwide, due mainly to wastewater and solid waste discharge from anthropogenic activities. Solid wastes and effluents generated during pharmaceutical activities are enormous and diverse due to the use of different chemicals during production processes of various drugs. Achievements in animal farming involve the use of drugs like antibiotics, food additives, hormones and parasiticides to boost production. Many of these drugs are excreted as active metabolites or unmetabolised, while others may escape being degraded in the waste treatment plants. While in the environment majority of the pharmaceutical products accumulate in water bodies, aquatic sediments, soil, and biological systems, reaching a biologically active concentration with time [4,5]

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