Abstract
Taxa above the genus level that are referred to in the text are indicated here in boldface. Order Primates (63 Ma) Semiorder Strepsirhini (50 Ma) Suborder Lemuriformes (45 Ma) Infraorder Chiromyiformes Family Daubentoniidae, Daubentonia: aye-ayes Infraorder Eulemurides Superfamily Lemuroidea (28 Ma) Family Cheirogaleidae (22 Ma) Subfamily Microcebinae, Microcebus: mouse lemurs Subfamily Cheirogaleinae, Cheirogaleus: dwarf lemurs Family Indridae, Propithecus: sifakas Family Lemuridae, Eulemur: brown lemurs Suborder Loriformes Family Loridae (23 Ma) Subfamily Galagoninae, Otolemur: bush babies Subfamily Perodicticinae, Perodicticus: pottos Subfamily Lorinae, Nycticebus: slow lorises Semiorder Haplorhini (58 Ma) Suborder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae, Tarsius: tarsiers Suborder Anthropoidea (40 Ma) Infraorder Platyrrhini Superfamily Ceboidea (26 Ma) Family Cebidae (22 Ma) Subfamily Cebinae (20 Ma) Tribe Cebini, Cebus: capuchin monkeys Tribe Saimiriini, Saimiri: squirrel monkeys Subfamily Aotinae, Aotus: night monkeys Subfamily Callitrichinae Tribe Callitrichini (13 Ma) Subtribe Saguinina, Saguinus: tamarins Subtribe Leontopithecina, Leontopithecus: golden lion tamarins Subtribe Callimiconina, Callimico: goeldi's monkeys Subtribe Callitrichina Callithrix (Callithrix): marmosets (jacchus group) Callithrix (Cebuella): pygmy marmosets Callithrix (Mico): marmosets (argentata group) Family Pitheciidae Subfamily Pitheciinae (19 Ma) Tribe Callicebini, Callicebus: titi monkeys Tribe Pitheciini Subtribe Pitheciina (11 Ma) Pithecia: saki monkeys Chiropotes (Chiropotes): bearded saki monkeys Chiropotes (Cacajao): uacari monkeys Family Atelidae Subfamily Atelinae (17 Ma) Tribe Alouattini, Alouatta: howler monkeys Tribe Atelini (12 Ma) Subtribe Atelina, Ateles: spider monkeys Subtribe Brachytelina (10 Ma) Lagothrix: woolly monkeys Brachyteles: woolly spider monkeys Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (25 Ma) Family Cercopithecidae Subfamily Cercopithecinae (15 Ma) Tribe Colobini (10 Ma) Subtribe Colobina, Colobus: colobus monkeys Subtribe Presbytina (7 Ma) Trachypithecus: langurs Nasalis: proboscis monkeys Tribe Cercopithecini (10 Ma) Subtribe Cercopithecina (9 Ma) Cercopithecus: guenons Erythrocebus: patas monkeys Chlorocebus: green monkeys Subtribe Papionina (9 Ma) Macaca: macaques Cercocebus (Cercocebus): terrestrial mangabeys Cercocebus (Mandrillus): mandrills, drills Papio (Papio): baboons (hamadryas group) Papio (Theropithecus): gelada baboons Papio (Lophocebus): arboreal mangabeys Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae (18 Ma) Tribe Hylobatini Subtribe Hylobatina (8 Ma) Symphalangus: siamangs Hylobates: gibbons Tribe Hominini (14 Ma) Subtribe Pongina, Pongo: orangutans Subtribe Hominina (7 Ma) Gorilla: gorillas Homo (Homo): humans Homo (Pan): chimpanzees, bonobosAdditional relevant references are included in a Supplemental Reading List, which appears, in the electronic version of this article, immediately after the References.
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