Abstract
High oil and protein content make tetraploid peanut a leading oil and food legume. Here we report a high-quality peanut genome sequence, comprising 2.54 Gb with 20 pseudomolecules and 83,709 protein-coding gene models. We characterize gene functional groups implicated in seed size evolution, seed oil content, disease resistance and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The peanut B subgenome has more genes and general expression dominance, temporally associated with long-terminal-repeat expansion in the A subgenome that also raises questions about the A-genome progenitor. The polyploid genome provided insights into the evolution of Arachis hypogaea and other legume chromosomes. Resequencing of 52 accessions suggests that independent domestications formed peanut ecotypes. Whereas 0.42–0.47 million years ago (Ma) polyploidy constrained genetic variation, the peanut genome sequence aids mapping and candidate-gene discovery for traits such as seed size and color, foliar disease resistance and others, also providing a cornerstone for functional genomics and peanut improvement.
Highlights
It presumably was domesticated in South America ~6,000 years ago and was widely distributed in post-Columbian times[1]
Cytogenetic, phylogeographic and molecular evidence suggested that hybridization between diploids A. duranensis (AA genome) and A. ipaensis (BB) may have formed the allotetraploid A. hypogaea[4,5,6,7,8,9] (AABB, 2n = 4x = 40). 1,4,5,10–13 Genomic in situ hybridization suggests that A. monticola may be the immediate wild ancestor of A. hypogaea[6]
Shitouqi (Supplementary Note 1.1)
Summary
It presumably was domesticated in South America ~6,000 years ago and was widely distributed in post-Columbian times[1]. With yield averaging 3,649 kg ha−1 in China in recent years and especially with the advent of high oleic acid cultivars, peanut is increasingly important as an oil and protein source. Cytogenetic, phylogeographic and molecular evidence suggested that hybridization between diploids A. duranensis (AA genome) and A. ipaensis (BB) may have formed the allotetraploid A. hypogaea[4,5,6,7,8,9] (AABB, 2n = 4x = 40) Agronomic traits differ dramatically between cultivated peanut and its wild progenitors, cytogenetic and genetic studies[8,9,14] suggest few changes in the A and B subgenomes since polyploidization. Resequencing of 30 allotetraploid accessions of various ecotypes, 18 wild species and four synthetic tetraploids provides insights into peanut genome architecture, trait biology, evolution and domestication
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