Abstract
AbstractGenetic susceptibility to late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) results in increased alpha-amylase activity in mature grain when cool conditions occur during late grain maturation. Farmers are forced to sell wheat grain with elevated alpha-amylase at a discount because it has an increased risk of poor end-product quality. This problem can result from either LMA or preharvest sprouting, grain germination on the mother plant when rain occurs before harvest. Whereas preharvest sprouting is a well-understood problem, little is known about the risk LMA poses to North American wheat crops. To examine this, LMA susceptibility was characterized in a panel of 251 North American hard spring wheat lines, representing ten geographical areas. It appears that there is substantial LMA susceptibility in North American wheat since only 27% of the lines showed reproducible LMA resistance following cold-induction experiments. A preliminary genome-wide association study detected six significant marker-trait associations. LMA in North American wheat may result from genetic mechanisms similar to those previously observed in Australian and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) germplasm since two of the detected QTLs, QLMA.wsu.7B and QLMA.wsu.6B, co-localized with previously reported loci. The Reduced height (Rht) loci also influenced LMA. Elevated alpha-amylase levels were significantly associated with the presence of both wild-type and tall height, rht-B1a and rht-D1a, loci in both cold-treated and untreated samples.
Highlights
The Hagberg–Perten Falling Number (FN) method was developed to measure starch degradation by α-amylase enzyme activity in wheat grain resulting from preharvest sprouting (Hagberg, 1960; Perten, 1964; Ross and Bettge, 2009; Delwiche et al, 2015)
The panel included elite lines representing North American wheat breeding programmes including: (1) the CIMMYT programme located in Mexico; (2) Canadian programmes at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Ag-Canada) Manitoba, Ag-Canada Saskatchewan and Ag-Canada Alberta and (3) the U.S programmes at Montana State University (MSU), South Dakota State University (SDSU), the University of California-Davis (UCD), the University of Idaho (UI), the University of Minnesota (UMN) and Washington State University (WSU)
Breeding for late maturity α-amylase (LMA) resistance is important because farmers receive substantial discounts for low FNs due to LMA
Summary
The Hagberg–Perten Falling Number (FN) method was developed to measure starch degradation by α-amylase enzyme activity in wheat grain resulting from preharvest sprouting (Hagberg, 1960; Perten, 1964; Ross and Bettge, 2009; Delwiche et al, 2015). Α-amylase cleaves starch into shorter starch chains with lower gelling capacity, leading to poor end-use quality. The wheat industry uses the FN test to measure gelling capacity. LMA is sometimes considered a defect in late grain development because α-amylase is produced during grain filling, a time in development when α-amylase levels are usually low and when the endosperm is accumulating rather than breaking down starch (Barrero et al, 2013)
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