Abstract
From 2007 to 2011, deaths in females due to breast cancer declined in the USA. This decline has been attributed to improved access to breast cancer screening and subsequent effective treatments for female with invasive breast cancer. In this same time period, two federal health-care policies were enacted, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA), to decrease fear of discrimination based on genetic information (genetics tests results and/or family history) in health insurance and employment arenas, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), health-care reform to improve access for breast cancer screening. Health-care providers need to be knowledgeable about GINA and PPACA so they can apply these legislative provisions and be aware of their limitations in their clinical practice of breast cancer patients, in order to effectively advocate for these patients and their families.
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