Abstract
Orchids are the flowers of magnetic beauty. Vivid and attractive flowers with magnificent shapes make them the king of the floriculture industry. However, the long-awaited flowering is a drawback to their market success, and therefore, flowering time regulation is the key to studies about orchid flower development. Although there are some rare orchids with a continuous flowering pattern, the molecular regulatory mechanisms are yet to be elucidated to find applicable solutions to other orchid species. Multiple regulatory pathways, such as photoperiod, vernalization, circadian clock, temperature and hormonal pathways are thought to signalize flower timing using a group of floral integrators. This mini review, thus, organizes the current knowledge of floral time regulators to suggest future perspectives on the continuous flowering mechanism that may help to plan functional studies to induce flowering revolution in precious orchid species.
Highlights
Floral timing is one of the most important horticultural characteristics of floriculture crops, and a stable time of flowering is the main goal of breeding programs to induce horticultural novelty in commercial crops
Researchers have found a number of pathways that regulate floral timing and the signals generated by these pathways are integrated through floral integrators to synthesize a specific route of flowering initiation [2]
More than 35 transcription factor families have been identified in A. graminifolia that may play roles in controlling continuous flowering [26]
Summary
Flowering plants dominate the terrestrial landscape and, play a pivotal role in human life. Plant species adjust their flowering times using a fine combination of internal and external stimuli to adapt to the versatile environments [1]. Orchidaceae contains the most important ornamental flowers [6,7], and that is why more than 0.1 million orchid species are cultivated throughout the world [1]. Such a beauty waits a long time to flower. Finding the key regulators of this continuous flowering pattern can provide a valuable source to find applicable solutions to seasonal flowering orchids. Pattern in orchids and other species and the future perspective of this knowledge to modify seasonal flowering orchid species to boost short vegetative phases and recurrent flowering
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