The gender gap in sickness absence from work and the influence of parental absence on offspring absence 15years later: register-based cohort of Norwegians born in 1974-1976.

Petter Kristensen,Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum,Karina Corbett

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2037-2

Abstract

BackgroundWomen have shown consistently higher levels of sickness absence from work in comparison to men, but explanations for this gender gap have not been completely understood. Life-course studies suggest that health and health-related social benefits in adult age are influenced by early life experiences. We aimed to estimate intergenerational associations with a 15-year time gap between parents’ and offspring sickness absences, pursuing the hypothesis that this parental influence would have a stronger impact for women than for men.MethodsAll persons born alive between 1974 and 1976 in Norway were followed up in several national registries. Employed persons considered to be at risk of sickness absence and also with parents at risk of sickness absence (n = 78 878) were followed in the calendar year of their 33rd birthday with respect to spells lasting >16 days. The probability of one or more spells during this year constituted the one-year risk under study. Additive risk differences in association with an exposure (parental sickness absence 15 years earlier) were estimated in a binomial regression analysis. The estimates were adjusted for parental socioeconomic factors.ResultsThe 1-year sickness absence risk was higher for women (30.4 %) than for men (12.3 %). The crude risk differences between those exposed and those unexposed to parental sickness absence were similar in percentage points (PP) for women (3.8; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.6 to 4.9) and men (3.8; 95 % CI 2.9 to 4.6). The risk differences were moderately attenuated after adjustment for parental education and father’s income to 3.4 PP (2.2 to 4.5) for women and 2.8 PP (2.0 to 3.7) for men. Male absence was more strongly associated with the father’s than with the mother’s sickness absence, while associations for women were stronger for the same diagnostic groups as their parents.ConclusionsParental sickness absence was moderately associated with sickness absence in the next generation. Bias from unmeasured confounders cannot be entirely dismissed. Contrary to our hypothesis, associations were not stronger for women than for men. If parental sickness absence has a long-term causal effect, preventive measures could have an impact over generations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2037-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Highlights

Women have shown consistently higher levels of sickness absence from work in comparison to men, but explanations for this gender gap have not been completely understood
Studies of life course cohorts suggest that sickness absence can be influenced by social conditions in early life [24, 26] and that there are differences between diagnostic subgroups of absence [5, 26, 27]
Sickness absence at age 33 years was associated with parental sickness absence 15 years earlier among women and men born in Norway between 1974 and 1976

Summary

Introduction

Women have shown consistently higher levels of sickness absence from work in comparison to men, but explanations for this gender gap have not been completely understood. Determinants of sickness absence are extensively studied internationally, and reported risk levels have consistently been higher for women than for men [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] Explanations for this gender gap have been scrutinized but are not fully understood [1,2,3, 7]. Social interaction is a concept in econometrics [19] that has been introduced as a potential cause of different outcomes, including sickness absence This concept means that own risk of sickness absence could be influenced by the level of sickness absence in the surroundings among colleagues [20, 21], neighbors [22, 23], and family members [22]. Twin studies suggest that long-term sickness absence could be transmitted over generations through genetic factors [35]

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