Abstract
The gender-based differences in the vulnerability to ambient air pollution have not been widely explored. This study aimed to investigate vulnerability differences to the short-term effects of PM2.5, PM10 and O3 between cerebrovascular diseases (CEVD) deaths of men and women. The general additive models (GAMs) and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) were adopted, and both single-pollutant and two-pollutant models were performed to analyze the associations between ambient air pollution and daily CEVD deaths. Both models indicated that O3 was the most suspicious pollutant that could induce excess CEVD deaths, and women tended to be more vulnerable to O3. These results were confirmed by seasonal analysis, in which we also found both genders were more vulnerable to O3 in winter. The exposure-response relationships revealed that women were usually more vulnerable to ambient air pollution than men, and the exposure-response curves differed significantly between genders. Our findings suggested that more attention should be paid on the adverse effects of ambient O3, and the protection of women CEVD population against air pollution should be emphasized.
Highlights
The Deaths caused by cerebrovascular diseases (CEVD) account for a large proportion of the population mortality [1]
Where Mi denotes the expected daily CEVD death counts of the day i; α is the intercept; βj refers to the corresponding coefficient of ambient air pollutants listed in the models; meteorological factors including daily average temperature (T) and average relative humidity (RH); ns(X, x) is the natural spline function; Factor is a categorical datum; DOWi is the day of the week on dayi; dfs is the degree of freedom of the natural spline function, which is selected from the model with the smallest unbiased risk estimator score; and dayi is the consecutively numbered day of the study, in which January 1, 2014 is day1 and January 1, 2015 is day366
In the two-pollutant models, we found short-term O3 exposure, instead of PM2.5 or Particulate matter with diameter
Summary
The Deaths caused by cerebrovascular diseases (CEVD) account for a large proportion of the population mortality [1]. Some studies indicated no associations between air pollution and CEVD mortality [5, 6]. These divergences have not been adequately reviewed, but spatial variations were reported to be a key factor [7]. During the past few years, the gender-based differences in the vulnerability to ambient air pollution have been given more importance. There are already some evidences implying that the vulnerability to ambient air pollution between the two genders might be considerable different, and women could be more susceptible under most circumstances [8, 9]. To provide more evidences for sifting susceptible population, further exploration of gender-based vulnerability to ambient air pollution are urgently needed
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