Abstract
A Gaussian noise (GN) model is presented that properly accounts for an arbitrary frequency dependent signal power profile along the link. This enables the evaluation of the impact of inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) on the optical Kerr nonlinearity. Additionally, the frequency dependent fiber attenuation can be taken into account and transmission systems that use hybrid amplification schemes can be modeled, where distributed Raman amplification is partly applied over the optical spectrum. To include the latter two cases, a set of coupled ordinary differential equations must be numerically solved in order to obtain the signal power profile yielding a semi-analytical model. However for lumped amplification and negligible variation in fiber attenuation, a less complex and fully analytical model is presented which is referred to as the ISRS GN model. The derived model is exact to first-order for Gaussian modulated signals and extensively validated by numerical split-step simulations. A maximum deviation of $0.1$~dB in nonlinear interference power between simulations and the ISRS GN model is found. The model is applied to a transmission system that occupies an optical bandwidth of $10$~THz, representing the entire C+L band. At optimum launch power, changes of up to $2$~dB in nonlinear interference power due to ISRS are reported. Furthermore, comparable models published in the literature are benchmarked against the ISRS GN model.
Highlights
A NALYTICAL models that predict the performance degradation in optical fiber communications due to Kerr nonlinearity have become widespread in recent years
The ISRS Gaussian noise (GN) model which analytically models the impact of inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering on the nonlinear perturbation caused by Kerr nonlinearity was proposed and analyzed in detail
Its accuracy was compared to split-step simulations and a maximum deviation of 0.1 dB in nonlinear interference power was found
Summary
A NALYTICAL models that predict the performance degradation in optical fiber communications due to Kerr nonlinearity have become widespread in recent years. An assumption of all above-mentioned works is that every frequency component experiences the same power evolution along the link They are, inaccurate in the prediction of ultra-wideband transmission systems where the variation of the fiber attenuation is not negligible and for bandwidths where inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) is significant. For an attenuation profile that is linear in frequency (like the one resulting from ISRS), the frequencies in the triplet ( f, f1, f2) attenuate according to f during the FWM process This approach overestimates the impact of ISRS on the Kerr nonlinearity and the frequency dependent signal power profile is not accurately taken into account. A Gaussian noise model, accounting for any arbitrary frequency dependent signal power profile, is described This enables the modeling of nonlinear interference in ultrawideband regimes where ISRS is significant.
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