Abstract
Vaccines against Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been available for decades. Currently, most JE-endemic countries have vaccination programs for their at-risk populations. Even so, JE remains the leading recognized cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. In 2018, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and PATH co-convened a group of independent experts to review JE prevention and control successes, identify remaining scientific and operational issues that need to be addressed, discuss opportunities to further strengthen JE vaccination programs, and identify strategies and solutions to ensure sustainability of JE control during the next decade. This paper summarizes the key discussion points and recommendations to sustain and expand JE control.
Highlights
Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines againstJapanese encephalitis (JE) for several decades (Table 1), JE virus (JEV) remains the leading recognized cause of viral encephalitis in Asia[1]
JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes and is sustained in an enzootic cycle with pigs and wading birds as amplifying hosts
There is a risk of JEV transmission in 24 countries in Asia and the Western Pacific, either nationally or in endemic areas[2]
Summary
Japanese encephalitis (JE) for several decades (Table 1), JE virus (JEV) remains the leading recognized cause of viral encephalitis in Asia[1]. China supported high vaccine effectiveness with a strong safety profile and PATH led additional clinical trials in other Asian countries in accordance with international standards, as did other manufacturers using CD-JEV as a comparison vaccine[41,42,43,44]. Experts at the meeting identified key recommendations in the following categories: (1) vaccine supply, (2) global coordination and policy optimization, (3) JE surveillance and diagnostics, (4) country programmatic support, and (5) research priorities. A coalition of key partners should be established that is responsible for exchange of information, best practices, and coordinated actions among JE control programs This coalition would serve as a technical resource for countries and should maintain a web-based library of materials to support vaccine introduction and monitoring. Available resources to guide AEFI investigations, of encephalitis post-vaccination, would be helpful
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