Abstract
Water shortage has always been a considerable challenge facing humanity, and desalination is considered one of the most promising solutions to the global freshwater resource crisis. Traditional desalination technologies often suffer from high energy consumption and high investment costs. Researchers focus on desalination membrane technology because of its advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, simple operation, cost-effectiveness, and so on. This article reviews the current status of research on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal organic frameworks, molybdenum disulfide, and covalent organic frameworks and aquaporin for seawater desalination. It can be seen that these nanomaterials are widely used in membrane for reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, nanofiltration, membrane distillation, and capacitive deionization (CDI). Therefore, the membrane desalination technology is briefly classified and introduced. According to this review, the current exploration of nanomembrane materials for seawater desalination mainly focuses on CDI. This review aims to better provide nanomembrane options for realizing cost-effective and industrial-scale commercial seawater desalination technologies. It prospects the future development direction and challenges of nanomaterials in seawater desalination.
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