Abstract
Electricity systems have long relied on extensive amounts of fuel storage to avoid supply disruptions and ensure that electricity can be delivered as needed. On-site storage of nuclear fuel and coal, as well as pipeline and underground storage of natural gas, are typically able to provide conventional generators with weeks to years of secure fuel supply, and lack of access to fuel by large scale-generators is rare. However, as electricity supply systems shift to increased use of the variable renewable energy sources (RESs) wind and solar, due to favorable cost and emissions attributes, there are fundamentally new challenges for grid planners and operators as the annual share of electricity from these sources reaches 50% and higher. These trials include faster ramp rates for conventional assets, a reduction in the inertia of rotating generators, and spatial changes in generation assets (and hence alterations in transmission and distribution networks) as well as market challenges around adding a large fraction of generation assets with no fuel costs and a limited ability for scheduling.
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