Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are the most common cause of paediatric chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure (ESRF). The best form of renal replacement therapy for children with ESRF is pre-emptive renal transplantation. There are improved patient mortality and morbidity rates and quality of life for those children who have successfully received a transplant compared to those receiving haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The average renal allograft survival is better for living donors than deceased donors and is now approaching 15 years, so re-transplantation is common. In addition, some children require multi-organ combined or sequential transplants.
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