The fungicide thiram perturbs gut microbiota community and causes lipid metabolism disorder in chickens

Abstract

Fungicide thiram, a representative dithiocarbamate pesticide can cause potential health hazards to humans and animal health due to the residues in various agricultural products. However, the effects of thiram on lipid metabolism by perturbing gut microbiota of chickens are not clear. Our study was aimed to explore the protective of polysaccharide extracted from Morinda officinalis (MOP) on acute thiram-exposed chickens, and to analyze the association between alteration of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Three hundred chicks are fed with a normal diet, thiram-treated diet (100 mg/kg), and a thiram-treated diet supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg MOP was used in this study, respectively. The results showed that thiram exposure prominently elevated liver index, changed liver function by histopathological examination and serum biochemistry diagnoses, and increased blood lipid parameters. Meanwhile, the expression level of some key genes in hepatic lipid metabolism dysregulated significantly in the thiram-exposed chickens. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that thiram exposure can significantly alter the richness, diversity, and composition of the broiler fecal microbiota, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was also affected at the phylum level. In addition, some microbial populations including Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus significantly decreased at the genus level, whereas the Klebsiella was opposite. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant association between microorganisms and lipid metabolism-related parameters. Optimistically, 500 mg/kg MOP can alleviate the damage of thiram in the gut and liver. Together, these data suggest that thiram exposure causes the imbalance of the gut microbiota and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in chickens.