Abstract
Phosphophoryn (PP) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP) are the most dominant non-collagenous proteins in dentin. PP is an extremely acidic protein that can function as a mineral nucleator for dentin mineralization. DSP was first identified in 1981, yet its functional significance is still controversial. Historically, these two proteins were considered to be independently synthesized and secreted by dental pulp cells into the developing dentin matrix. However, with the identification of the DSP coding sequence in 1994, followed 2 years later by the finding that the PP coding sequence was located immediately downstream from the DSP sequence, it became immediately clear that DSP and PP proteins were derived from a single DSP-PP (i.e., dentin sialophosphoprotein, DSPP) transcript. Since DSPP cDNA became available, tremendous progress has been made in studying DSP-PP mRNA distribution and DSP generation from the DSP-PP precursor protein at specific cleavage sites by protease tolloid-related-1 (TLR1) or bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1). The functions of DSP-PP and DSP were investigated via DSP-PP knockout (KO) and DSP knockin in DSP-PP KO mice. In addition, a number of in vitro studies aimed to elucidate DSPP and DSP function in dental pulp cells.
Highlights
Prior to 1990, early efforts to understand dentin mineralization focused on analyzing the components of dentin using classical protein isolation and characterization techniques
Developmental abnormalities found in dentin sialoprotein (DSP)-PP KO mice suggest that expression of the DSP-PP protein or the cleavage product DSP or PP is required for normal odontoblast and ameloblast development
DSP-PP-expressing adenovirus (Ad-DSP-PP) was lower mineral density, and wider predentin with increased biglycan used to test the effects of DSP-PP on adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC) differentiation
Summary
Prior to 1990, early efforts to understand dentin mineralization focused on analyzing the components of dentin using classical protein isolation and characterization techniques. Developmental abnormalities found in DSP-PP KO mice suggest that expression of the DSP-PP protein or the cleavage product DSP or PP is required for normal odontoblast and ameloblast development. Absence of DSP-PP, DSP, or PP could not maintain the odontoblast expression has been found in non-mineralized tissues.
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