Abstract
Psychomotor disturbances (PMD) are a classic feature of depressive disorder that provides rich clinical information. The aim our narrative review was to characterize the functional anatomy of PMD by summarizing findings from neuroimaging studies. We found evidence across several neuroimaging modalities that suggest involvement of fronto-striatal neurocircuitry, and monoaminergic pathways and metabolism. We suggest that PMD in major depressive disorder emerge from an alteration of limbic signals, which influence emotion, volition, higher-order cognitive functions, and movement.
Highlights
Psychomotor signs are a classic feature of major depressive disorder that already attracted attention over a century ago [1]
We summarize the literature on the functional neuroanatomy of Psychomotor disturbances (PMD) in major depressive disorder (Table 2)
We conclude that structural alterations that correlate with PMD have been found in gray- and white-matter regions within several nodes of cortico-subcortical circuits
Summary
Psychomotor signs are a classic feature of major depressive disorder that already attracted attention over a century ago [1]. Variety of themes spontaneously approached, richness of associations, subjective experience of ruminations, fatigability, perception of flow of time, memory, concentration, interest in habitual activities activity and alterations in paralimbic and motor midline regions involved in volitional movement and involvement of ascending mesocortical dopamine pathways in clinical states with prominent PMD [12, 13] To this date, few studies have investigated the relation between gray matter volume and PMD in major depressive disorder. One study by Walther et al [11] who addressed psychomotor functioning in depressive disorder used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and actigraphy – an objective measure of the general activity level in an individual It showed that lower activity levels correlate with measures of differential myelinization in the frontal lobe and posterior cingulate region, and that there is a negative correlation between the same measures in the white matter beneath the primary motor cortex and in the parahippocampal region. The association was stronger in patients ≥50 years, and in patients with reduced brain stem raphe nuclei hypogenicity [57]
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