The function of sensory nerve fibers in lumbar radiculopathy. Use of quantitative sensory testing in the exploration of different populations of nerve fibers and dermatomes.

Abstract

The function of sensory nerve fibers in patients with lumbar radiculopathy and in control individuals was evaluated using quantitative sensory testing. To investigate the effect of lumbar nerve root compression on different populations of nerve fibers and to explore the function of sensory nerve fibers in neighboring nerve roots not involved in the mechanical compression. Results from experimental and clinical studies indicate that chronic compression of lumbar nerve roots affects the large myelinated nerve fibers. The majority of nerve fibers involved in the sensation of pain, however, are small afferent nerve fibers. It is therefore of interest to study the effect of compression on large and small sensory afferent channels. Several authors have elucidated the biochemical interaction between disc tissue and nerve roots. Chemical substances in the epidural space can reach the nerve fibers in nerve roots at the same or neighboring lumbar segments. In this way, fibers not involved in the mechanical compression may be affected. The small nerve fibers were studied using tests for thermal thresholds (thermotest), and the large myelinated fibers were studied by vibrametry. Forty-two patients were investigated in the symptomatic and the asymptomatic leg, and the results were compared with those of 21 healthy individuals. The thresholds of cold, warmth, and vibration were significantly increased in the dermatome of the compressed nerve root, indicating that large and small sensory nerve fibers were affected. Further, the thresholds were significantly increased in the neighboring dermatomes in the symptomatic and the asymptomatic leg. Large and small sensory afferent nerve fibers are affected in lumbar radiculopathy. The increase in sensation thresholds in the ipsilateral neighboring dermatome and in the dermatomes in the asymptomatic leg indicates that adjacent nerve roots are involved in the pathophysiology of sciatica in patients with lumbar disc herniation.